Fix macOS computer use and restored command replay

app/src/ai/blocklist/action_model/execute/request_computer_use.rs

@@ -95,7 +95,9 @@ impl RequestComputerUseExecutor {
         let background_enabled = FeatureFlag::BackgroundComputerUse.is_enabled();
         ActionExecution::Async {
             execute_future: Box::pin(async move {
-                let result = actor
+                let result = async {
+                    computer_use::request_screen_capture_access()?;
+                    actor
                         .perform_actions(
                             &[],
                             computer_use::Options {
@@ -103,6 +105,8 @@ impl RequestComputerUseExecutor {
                                 background_enabled,
                             },
                         )
+                        .await
+                }
                 .await;
                 (result, platform)
             }),

app/src/ai/blocklist/action_model/execute/use_computer.rs

@@ -44,8 +44,14 @@ impl UseComputerExecutor {
         // Gate per-window targeting behind the client feature flag. When off, the actor forces the
         // legacy full-screen path so results are identical to the pre-existing implementation.
         let background_enabled = FeatureFlag::BackgroundComputerUse.is_enabled();
+        // Actor initialization reads the macOS keyboard layout through Carbon APIs that require
+        // the main thread. Construct it here, just like RequestComputerUseExecutor, before
+        // moving the Send actor into the background action future.
+        #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+        let mut actor = computer_use::create_actor();
         ActionExecution::new_async(
             async move {
+                #[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
                 let mut actor = computer_use::create_actor();
                 match actor
                     .perform_actions(

app/src/terminal/model/block.rs

@@ -301,6 +301,9 @@ pub struct Block {
     render_delay_complete: Arc<AtomicBool>,
     was_long_running: AtomicBool,
     bootstrap_stage: BootstrapStage,
+    /// Snapshot replay must not emit live command lifecycle events, even when using
+    /// the normal block appearance after bootstrapping.
+    is_replaying_snapshot: bool,
 
     show_bootstrap_block: bool,
     show_in_band_command_blocks: bool,
@@ -509,6 +512,9 @@ pub struct PromptInfo {
 
 impl From<&Block> for BlockType {
     fn from(block: &Block) -> Self {
+        if block.is_replaying_snapshot {
+            return BlockType::Restored;
+        }
         if block.is_for_in_band_command {
             return BlockType::InBandCommand;
         }
@@ -980,6 +986,7 @@ impl Block {
             background_executor,
             event_proxy,
             bootstrap_stage,
+            is_replaying_snapshot: false,
             show_bootstrap_block: show_warp_bootstrap_input,
             show_in_band_command_blocks,
             show_memory_stats,
@@ -1945,6 +1952,10 @@ impl Block {
         self.bootstrap_stage
     }
 
+    pub(super) fn set_replaying_snapshot(&mut self, is_replaying_snapshot: bool) {
+        self.is_replaying_snapshot = is_replaying_snapshot;
+    }
+
     pub(super) fn should_emit_visible_bootstrap_block_event(&self) -> bool {
         self.bootstrap_stage == BootstrapStage::ScriptExecution
             && !self.visible_bootstrap_block_event_sent
@@ -2986,7 +2997,9 @@ impl Block {
         self.header_grid.preexec(data.clone());
 
         let is_for_in_band_command = command_executor::is_in_band_command(data.command.as_str());
-        if self.bootstrap_stage() == BootstrapStage::PostBootstrapPrecmd {
+        if self.bootstrap_stage() == BootstrapStage::PostBootstrapPrecmd
+            && !self.is_replaying_snapshot
+        {
             self.event_proxy
                 .send_terminal_event(Event::AfterBlockStarted {
                     block_id: self.id.clone(),

app/src/terminal/model/blocks.rs

@@ -2971,6 +2971,9 @@ impl BlockList {
             Some(prompt_metadata),
             block.is_local,
         );
+        // Restoring a snapshot rebuilds terminal state; it does not execute its command.
+        // Keep this separate from bootstrap_stage, which also controls block appearance.
+        self.active_block_mut().set_replaying_snapshot(true);
         if let Some(shell_host) = &block.shell_host {
             self.active_block_mut().set_shell_host(shell_host.clone());
         }
@@ -2981,6 +2984,7 @@ impl BlockList {
             None => {
                 // The start_ts is set iff the block was started. So if it's not set, we're done.
                 self.update_active_block_height();
+                self.active_block_mut().set_replaying_snapshot(false);
                 return;
             }
             Some(start_ts) => start_ts,
@@ -3035,6 +3039,7 @@ impl BlockList {
             None => {
                 // The completed_ts is set iff the block was `finish`ed. So if it's not set, we're done.
                 self.update_active_block_height();
+                self.active_block_mut().set_replaying_snapshot(false);
                 return;
             }
             Some(completed_ts) => completed_ts,
@@ -3061,6 +3066,7 @@ impl BlockList {
                 self.active_block_mut().set_prompt_snapshot(prompt_snapshot);
             }
         }
+        self.active_block_mut().set_replaying_snapshot(false);
     }
 
     /// Marks the end of the active block and creates the next block.

app/src/terminal/model/blocks_tests.rs

@@ -702,6 +702,74 @@ pub fn test_restore_completed_blocks() {
     ));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn restored_agent_command_snapshots_do_not_emit_live_command_events() {
+    for shared_session in [false, true] {
+        let (events_tx, events_rx) = async_channel::unbounded();
+        let mut block_list = new_bootstrapped_block_list(
+            None,
+            None,
+            ChannelEventListener::builder_for_test()
+                .with_terminal_events_tx(events_tx)
+                .build(),
+        );
+        while events_rx.try_recv().is_ok() {}
+
+        let conversation_id = AIConversationId::new();
+        let action_id = AIAgentActionId::from("saved-command".to_owned());
+        let metadata = SerializedAIMetadata::from(AgentInteractionMetadata::new_hidden(
+            action_id.clone(),
+            conversation_id,
+        ));
+        let mut snapshot = SerializedBlock::new_for_test(b"echo saved".to_vec(), b"saved".to_vec());
+        snapshot.ai_metadata = Some(serde_json::to_string(&metadata).unwrap());
+        snapshot.agent_view_visibility =
+            Some(AgentViewVisibility::new_from_conversation(conversation_id).into());
+
+        if shared_session {
+            block_list.load_shared_session_scrollback(&[snapshot.clone()]);
+        } else {
+            block_list.insert_restored_block(&snapshot);
+        }
+
+        let restored = block_list.block_with_id(&snapshot.id).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(restored.requested_command_action_id(), Some(&action_id));
+        assert_eq!(restored.ai_conversation_id(), Some(conversation_id));
+        assert_eq!(restored.is_restored(), false);
+        assert_eq!(restored.completed_ts(), snapshot.completed_ts.as_ref());
+        let mut restored_completion_count = 0;
+        while let Ok(event) = events_rx.try_recv() {
+            match event {
+                Event::AfterBlockStarted { .. } => {
+                    panic!("snapshot replay must not start a live command")
+                }
+                Event::BlockCompleted(completed) if completed.block_id == snapshot.id => {
+                    assert!(matches!(completed.block_type, BlockType::Restored));
+                    restored_completion_count += 1;
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+        assert_eq!(restored_completion_count, 1);
+
+        // A subsequent actual command must still drive the normal lifecycle.
+        insert_block(&mut block_list, "echo live", "live");
+        let mut live_started = false;
+        let mut live_completed = false;
+        while let Ok(event) = events_rx.try_recv() {
+            match event {
+                Event::AfterBlockStarted { .. } => live_started = true,
+                Event::BlockCompleted(completed) => {
+                    live_completed |= matches!(completed.block_type, BlockType::User(_));
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(live_started);
+        assert!(live_completed);
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 pub fn test_restore_blocks_with_local_status() {
     let (events_tx, events_rx) = async_channel::unbounded();

crates/computer_use/src/bin/use_computer.rs

@@ -147,7 +147,6 @@ async fn main() {
     }
 
     let target = cli.target();
-    let mut actor = computer_use::create_actor();
 
     let (actions, screenshot_params, output_path) = match cli.command {
         Command::Click { x, y, button } => {
@@ -224,6 +223,13 @@ async fn main() {
         background_enabled: true,
     };
 
+    // A manual CLI invocation also explicitly initiates computer use, so it must be able to
+    // request access before the actor's nonprompting checks.
+    if let Err(error) = computer_use::request_screen_capture_access() {
+        eprintln!("Error: {error}");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    }
+    let mut actor = computer_use::create_actor();
     match actor.perform_actions(&actions, options).await {
         Ok(result) => {
             if let Some(pos) = result.cursor_position {

crates/computer_use/src/lib.rs

@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ pub fn is_supported_on_current_platform() -> bool {
 }
 
 /// Returns an actor that can perform actions on the computer.
+///
+/// On macOS, create the actor on the main thread before moving it into a background action
+/// future: initialization reads the keyboard layout through main-thread-only Carbon APIs.
 pub fn create_actor() -> Box<dyn Actor> {
     if cfg!(feature = "test-util") {
         Box::new(noop::Actor::new())
@@ -45,6 +48,17 @@ pub fn create_actor() -> Box<dyn Actor> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Requests screen capture access when computer use is explicitly initiated. Subsequent action
+/// batches only check permission and must not reopen the system permission prompt.
+pub fn request_screen_capture_access() -> Result<(), String> {
+    #[cfg(macos)]
+    if !cfg!(feature = "test-util") {
+        return imp::request_screen_capture_access();
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// Returns whether background, per-window control (driving a specific window without raising it
 /// or moving the cursor) is available on this client and OS. When false, callers should target
 /// the whole screen / frontmost application.

crates/computer_use/src/mac/keycode_cache.rs

@@ -3,15 +3,14 @@
 //! This module provides a way to translate characters to macOS virtual keycodes.
 //! The translation depends on the current keyboard layout.
 //!
-//! The Carbon APIs used for translation (`TISCopyCurrentKeyboardInputSource`,
+//! The Carbon Text Input Source APIs must run on the main thread. Serializing worker calls
-//! `UCKeyTranslate`) are not thread-safe, so all cache builds are serialized through a
+//! through a mutex does not satisfy their internal main-queue assertion. Build the cache while
-//! process-wide mutex. This matters because concurrent computer-use agents can build the cache
+//! creating the actor on the main thread, then move the actor to a worker for input/capture.
-//! from different worker threads at the same time.
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::ptr::NonNull;
-use std::sync::Mutex;
 
+use objc2::MainThreadMarker;
 use objc2_core_foundation::{CFData, CFRetained, CFString, CFType};
 use objc2_core_graphics::CGKeyCode;
 
@@ -60,20 +59,17 @@ const SHIFT_MODIFIER: u32 = 1 << 1;
 
 /// Builds a character-to-keycode cache for the current keyboard layout.
 ///
-/// The Carbon translation APIs are not thread-safe, so the build is serialized through a
+/// Callers must initialize the actor on the main thread. Refuse an accidental worker-thread
-/// process-wide mutex. The work runs on the calling thread rather than being dispatched to the
+/// build before entering Carbon, which can abort the process rather than return an error. Do not
-/// main thread: in the headless `agent run` CLI the main thread never services the GCD main
+/// synchronously dispatch to the main queue: headless CLI callers may not service that queue.
-/// queue, so a synchronous main-queue dispatch would deadlock.
 /// TODO(QUALITY-271): Store the modifier keys as well.
 pub fn build_cache() -> HashMap<char, CGKeyCode> {
-    static BUILD_LOCK: Mutex<()> = Mutex::new(());
+    let Some(_main_thread) = MainThreadMarker::new() else {
-    let _guard = BUILD_LOCK.lock().unwrap();
+        log::error!(
-    build_cache_locked()
+            "Computer-use actors must be initialized on the main thread; character keycode mapping is unavailable"
-}
+        );
-
+        return HashMap::new();
-/// Builds the cache while the process-wide build lock is held, serializing access to the
+    };
-/// non-thread-safe Carbon APIs.
-fn build_cache_locked() -> HashMap<char, CGKeyCode> {
     let mut cache = HashMap::new();
 
     // Get the keyboard layout data.
@@ -110,11 +106,7 @@ fn build_cache_locked() -> HashMap<char, CGKeyCode> {
 unsafe fn get_keyboard_layout_data() -> Option<CFRetained<CFData>> {
     // TISCopy* functions follow CF "Copy" semantics - caller owns the reference.
     // Wrap in CFRetained so they're released when dropped.
-    let source = unsafe {
+    let source = unsafe { CFRetained::from_raw(TISCopyCurrentKeyboardInputSource()?) };
-        CFRetained::from_raw(
-            TISCopyCurrentKeyboardInputSource().expect("Attempted to create a NULL object."),
-        )
-    };
     let mut layout_data =
         unsafe { TISGetInputSourceProperty(&source, kTISPropertyUnicodeKeyLayoutData) };
 
@@ -123,12 +115,8 @@ unsafe fn get_keyboard_layout_data() -> Option<CFRetained<CFData>> {
     let _layout_source;
     if layout_data.is_null() {
         // Keep this alive until we're done with layout_data.
-        _layout_source = unsafe {
+        _layout_source =
-            CFRetained::from_raw(
+            unsafe { CFRetained::from_raw(TISCopyCurrentKeyboardLayoutInputSource()?) };
-                TISCopyCurrentKeyboardLayoutInputSource()
-                    .expect("Attempted to create a NULL object."),
-            )
-        };
         layout_data =
             unsafe { TISGetInputSourceProperty(&_layout_source, kTISPropertyUnicodeKeyLayoutData) };
     }

crates/computer_use/src/mac/mod.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ pub fn background_supported() -> bool {
     true
 }
 
+pub fn request_screen_capture_access() -> Result<(), String> {
+    screenshot::request_access()
+}
+
 /// Enumerates the on-screen windows as crate-level [`crate::WindowInfo`] records.
 pub fn enumerate_windows() -> Vec<crate::WindowInfo> {
     window::enumerate_windows()
@@ -134,6 +138,12 @@ impl super::Actor for Actor {
         actions: &[TargetedAction],
         options: Options,
     ) -> Result<ActionResult, String> {
+        // Permission can be revoked between turns. Stop before posting input when we can no
+        // longer observe its result; only the initial request may trigger a permission prompt.
+        if !actions.is_empty() || options.screenshot_params.is_some() {
+            screenshot::check_access()?;
+        }
+
         // When background computer use is disabled, force the legacy full-screen path: ignore any
         // window target, deliver events through the HID tap, and treat coordinates as global
         // pixels. This keeps behavior byte-identical to the pre-existing implementation.

crates/computer_use/src/mac/screenshot.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,33 @@
 use command::blocking::Command;
 use image::GenericImageView;
+use objc2_core_graphics::{CGPreflightScreenCaptureAccess, CGRequestScreenCaptureAccess};
 
 use super::util::main_display_scale_factor;
 use crate::{CapturedWindow, ScreenshotParams, Target};
 
+const SCREEN_CAPTURE_PERMISSION_ERROR: &str = "macOS Screen Recording access is unavailable for Galaxy. Enable Galaxy in System Settings > Privacy & Security > Screen Recording (or Screen & System Audio Recording), then quit and reopen Galaxy. If already enabled after an update or reinstall, toggle Galaxy off and on and reopen it.";
+
+/// Called only when the user initiates computer use, so macOS can register Galaxy and offer its
+/// native permission prompt. A rejected request must not proceed to screen capture or input.
+pub(super) fn request_access() -> Result<(), String> {
+    // Some macOS versions need a relaunch after approval. The actor checks access again before
+    // doing any work and returns the same recovery instructions if approval is not effective yet.
+    if CGPreflightScreenCaptureAccess() || CGRequestScreenCaptureAccess() {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(SCREEN_CAPTURE_PERMISSION_ERROR.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Checks without prompting before every action batch, including batches without a screenshot.
+pub(super) fn check_access() -> Result<(), String> {
+    if CGPreflightScreenCaptureAccess() {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(SCREEN_CAPTURE_PERMISSION_ERROR.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
 /// Captures a screenshot according to `params`, using the built-in macOS `screencapture` CLI.
 ///
 /// When the params target a window, that specific window is captured (without raising it) and the
@@ -48,7 +72,7 @@ fn take_screen(params: ScreenshotParams) -> Result<crate::Screenshot, String> {
         .output()
         .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to run screencapture: {e}"))?;
 
-    check_status(&output)?;
+    check_status(&output, Target::Screen)?;
 
     crate::screenshot_utils::load_and_process_screenshot(&output_path, params)
 }
@@ -76,7 +100,7 @@ fn take_window(
         .output()
         .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to run screencapture: {e}"))?;
 
-    check_status(&output)?;
+    check_status(&output, params.target)?;
 
     let image = image::ImageReader::open(&output_path)
         .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to open screenshot file: {e}"))?
@@ -118,15 +142,23 @@ fn take_window(
 }
 
 /// Returns an error describing a failed `screencapture` invocation.
-fn check_status(output: &std::process::Output) -> Result<(), String> {
+fn check_status(output: &std::process::Output, target: Target) -> Result<(), String> {
     if output.status.success() {
         return Ok(());
     }
     let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
     let detail = if stderr.trim().is_empty() {
-        format!("exit code {}", output.status)
+        output.status.to_string()
     } else {
-        format!("exit code {}: {}", output.status, stderr.trim())
+        format!("{}: {}", output.status, stderr.trim())
     };
-    Err(format!("screencapture failed with {detail}"))
+    // A capture can still fail with permission granted, for example when the Mac is locked or
+    // the selected window has closed. Preserve the OS error rather than labelling it a denial.
+    let recovery = match target {
+        Target::Screen => "Make sure the Mac is unlocked and has an active display.",
+        Target::Window { .. } => "Make sure the selected window is still open and available.",
+    };
+    Err(format!(
+        "macOS screen capture failed ({detail}). {recovery} If Screen Recording was recently enabled or Galaxy was reinstalled, quit and reopen Galaxy; verify that Screen Recording is enabled for the current Galaxy application."
+    ))
 }