Initial public release of Warp.

Repo-Sync-Origin: warpdotdev/warp-internal@12af1d983b

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+pub mod renderer;
+mod resources;
+mod shader_types;
+mod texture_with_bind_group;
+
+use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock, Mutex};
+
+use wgpu::wgt::WgpuHasDisplayHandle;
+
+pub use renderer::Renderer;
+pub use resources::{adapter_has_rendering_offset_bug, Resources};
+
+use crate::platform::GraphicsBackend;
+#[cfg(not(target_family = "wasm"))]
+use crate::{rendering::GPUPowerPreference, windowing};
+
+static WGPU_INSTANCE: LazyLock<Mutex<Option<Arc<wgpu::Instance>>>> = LazyLock::new(Mutex::default);
+
+/// Drops and recreates the global shared [`wgpu::Instance`].
+pub fn reset_wgpu_instance(display_handle: Box<dyn wgpu::wgt::WgpuHasDisplayHandle>) {
+    // Drop the existing wgpu instance.
+    {
+        let mut instance = WGPU_INSTANCE
+            .lock()
+            .expect("wgpu instance lock should not be poisoned");
+        let _ = instance.take();
+    }
+
+    // Create a new one.
+    init_wgpu_instance(display_handle);
+}
+
+/// Initializes the global wgpu instance.  This MUST be called before [`get_wgpu_instance()`].
+pub fn init_wgpu_instance(display_handle: Box<dyn WgpuHasDisplayHandle>) {
+    // Check whether DirectComposition should be explicitly disabled on Windows.
+    let disable_dcomp = std::env::var("WARP_USE_DIRECT_COMPOSITION")
+        .ok()
+        .is_some_and(|val| {
+            let val = val.to_lowercase();
+            val == "0" || val == "false"
+        });
+
+    // A helper function to create a wgpu instance with the appropriate configuration.
+    let create_instance = move || {
+        let dx12_shader_compiler = get_dx12_shader_compiler();
+        Arc::new(wgpu::Instance::new(wgpu::InstanceDescriptor {
+            backends: wgpu_backend_options(),
+            backend_options: wgpu::BackendOptions {
+                dx12: wgpu::Dx12BackendOptions {
+                    presentation_system: if disable_dcomp {
+                        wgpu::wgt::Dx12SwapchainKind::DxgiFromHwnd
+                    } else {
+                        wgpu::wgt::Dx12SwapchainKind::DxgiFromVisual
+                    },
+                    shader_compiler: dx12_shader_compiler.unwrap_or(wgpu::Dx12Compiler::Fxc),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            flags: wgpu::InstanceFlags::empty(),
+            memory_budget_thresholds: Default::default(),
+            display: Some(display_handle),
+        }))
+    };
+
+    // A helper function for initializing the WGPU_INSTANCE static variable.
+    //
+    // If `lock_acquired_tx` is provided, it will be used to signal when the lock has been acquired, allowing
+    // for asynchronous initialization in a dedicated thread while ensuring that `get_wgpu_instance()` cannot
+    // race with the initialization.
+    let init_static_var = |lock_acquired_tx: Option<std::sync::mpsc::Sender<()>>| {
+        let mut instance_lock_guard = WGPU_INSTANCE
+            .lock()
+            .expect("wgpu instance lock should not be poisoned");
+
+        if let Some(tx) = lock_acquired_tx {
+            tx.send(()).expect("Failed to send lock acquired signal");
+        }
+
+        instance_lock_guard.get_or_insert_with(|| {
+            #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+            {
+                use crate::windowing::{winit::app::WINDOWING_SYSTEM, WindowingSystem};
+                // If the user hasn't enabled (and is making use of) native Wayland
+                // support, due to the fact that we force use of X11 in
+                // ui/src/windowing/winit/app.rs, we need to make sure wgpu doesn't
+                // attempt to configure the instance to use Wayland, as that causes
+                // crashes due to a mismatch between the instance and the window
+                // handle we pass in later when constructing GPU resources.
+                if WINDOWING_SYSTEM
+                    .get()
+                    .is_some_and(|windowing_system| *windowing_system == WindowingSystem::X11)
+                    || std::env::var_os("WAYLAND_DISPLAY").is_none()
+                {
+                    let old_wayland_display = std::env::var_os("WAYLAND_DISPLAY");
+                    std::env::set_var("WAYLAND_DISPLAY", "");
+                    let instance = create_instance();
+                    match old_wayland_display {
+                        Some(wayland_display) => {
+                            std::env::set_var("WAYLAND_DISPLAY", wayland_display)
+                        }
+                        None => std::env::remove_var("WAYLAND_DISPLAY"),
+                    };
+                    return instance;
+                }
+            }
+
+            create_instance()
+        });
+    };
+
+    cfg_if::cfg_if! {
+        if #[cfg(target_family = "wasm")] {
+            // On wasm, synchronously initialize the wgpu static variable.
+            init_static_var(None);
+        } else {
+            // On other platforms, initialize the wgpu static variable in a separate thread to parallelize
+            // wgpu instance initialization with other application initialization.  We block until we have
+            // acquired the lock on the instance, ensuring that this function doesn't return until it is
+            // safe to call `get_wgpu_instance()`.
+            let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+            std::thread::spawn(move || {
+                init_static_var(Some(tx));
+            });
+            let _ = rx.recv();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Helper function to get a [`wgpu::Instance`].
+///
+/// This should always be used over [`wgpu::Instance::new`] or
+/// [`wgpu::Instance::default`] to ensure that configuration is consistent
+/// across the app.
+fn get_wgpu_instance() -> Arc<wgpu::Instance> {
+    WGPU_INSTANCE
+        .lock()
+        .expect("wgpu instance lock should not be poisoned")
+        .as_ref()
+        .expect("wgpu instance should have been initialized")
+        .clone()
+}
+
+/// Returns the set of wgpu backends that we can select from.
+fn wgpu_backend_options() -> wgpu::Backends {
+    wgpu::Backends::from_env().unwrap_or(wgpu::Backends::all())
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_family = "wasm"))]
+pub async fn print_wgpu_adapters(
+    gpu_power_preference: GPUPowerPreference,
+    backend_preference: Option<GraphicsBackend>,
+    windowing_system: Option<windowing::System>,
+) {
+    let instance = get_wgpu_instance();
+    let backends = wgpu_backend_options();
+    let adapters = instance.enumerate_adapters(backends).await;
+
+    let sorted = resources::sort_adapters(
+        adapters,
+        backend_preference.map(to_wgpu_backend),
+        &gpu_power_preference,
+        windowing_system,
+        // This value is only ever true after failing to render frames, which we never attempt when
+        // running in this mode.
+        false, /* downrank_non_nvidia_vulkan_adapters */
+    );
+
+    for adapter in sorted {
+        let info = adapter.get_info();
+        let device_type = info.device_type;
+        let device_name = info.name;
+        let backend = info.backend;
+        let driver = if info.driver.is_empty() {
+            "?"
+        } else {
+            &info.driver
+        };
+        let driver_info = if info.driver_info.is_empty() {
+            String::new()
+        } else {
+            format!(" ({})", info.driver_info)
+        };
+        println!("{device_type:?}: {device_name}\n\tBackend: {backend:?}\n\tDriver: {driver}{driver_info}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns `true` if a low power GPU is available for rendering. Typically, this is true for
+/// machines with two GPUs -- a dedicated discrete high-performance GPU and a lower power
+/// integrated GPU.
+#[cfg(not(target_family = "wasm"))]
+pub async fn is_low_power_gpu_available() -> bool {
+    get_wgpu_instance()
+        .enumerate_adapters(::wgpu::Backends::all())
+        .await
+        .iter()
+        .any(|adapter| adapter.get_info().device_type == ::wgpu::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu)
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_family = "wasm")]
+pub async fn is_low_power_gpu_available() -> bool {
+    // We return false here because we only support WebGL (not WebGPU) on the web and the former
+    // does not allow configuration of a low or high power GPU.
+    false
+}
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn get_dx12_shader_compiler() -> Option<wgpu::Dx12Compiler> {
+    let dxc_path = crate::platform::windows::DXC_PATH.get()?;
+
+    dxc_path
+        .as_ref()
+        .map(|dxc_path| wgpu::Dx12Compiler::DynamicDxc {
+            dxc_path: dxc_path.dxc_path.clone(),
+        })
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn get_dx12_shader_compiler() -> Option<wgpu::Dx12Compiler> {
+    None
+}
+
+/// Converts a [`wgpu::Backend`] to a [`GraphicsBackend`].
+#[cfg_attr(target_os = "macos", expect(dead_code))]
+pub(crate) fn from_wgpu_backend(backend: wgpu::Backend) -> GraphicsBackend {
+    match backend {
+        wgpu::Backend::Noop => GraphicsBackend::Empty,
+        wgpu::Backend::Vulkan => GraphicsBackend::Vulkan,
+        wgpu::Backend::Metal => GraphicsBackend::Metal,
+        wgpu::Backend::Dx12 => GraphicsBackend::Dx12,
+        wgpu::Backend::Gl => GraphicsBackend::Gl,
+        wgpu::Backend::BrowserWebGpu => GraphicsBackend::BrowserWebGpu,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Converts a [`GraphicsBackend`] to a [`wgpu::Backend`].
+pub(crate) fn to_wgpu_backend(backend: GraphicsBackend) -> wgpu::Backend {
+    match backend {
+        GraphicsBackend::Empty => wgpu::Backend::Noop,
+        GraphicsBackend::Dx12 => wgpu::Backend::Dx12,
+        GraphicsBackend::Vulkan => wgpu::Backend::Vulkan,
+        GraphicsBackend::Gl => wgpu::Backend::Gl,
+        GraphicsBackend::Metal => wgpu::Backend::Metal,
+        GraphicsBackend::BrowserWebGpu => wgpu::Backend::BrowserWebGpu,
+    }
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/renderer.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+mod frame;
+mod glyph;
+mod image;
+mod rect;
+mod util;
+
+use frame::Frame;
+use pathfinder_geometry::vector::Vector2F;
+use util::with_error_scope;
+use warpui_core::platform::CapturedFrame;
+use wgpu::wgc::{device::DeviceError, present::SurfaceError};
+
+use crate::r#async::block_on;
+use crate::rendering::wgpu::Resources;
+use crate::rendering::{GlyphConfig, GlyphRasterBoundsFn, RasterizeGlyphFn};
+use crate::Scene;
+
+pub use super::resources::{GetSurfaceTextureError, SurfaceConfigureError};
+
+const ENCODER_DESCRIPTOR: wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor = wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor {
+    label: Some("Command encoder"),
+};
+
+pub struct Renderer {
+    rect_pipeline: rect::Pipeline,
+    glyph_pipeline: glyph::Pipeline,
+    image_pipeline: image::Pipeline,
+}
+
+impl Renderer {
+    pub fn new(resources: &Resources, glyph_config: GlyphConfig) -> Self {
+        let Resources { device, .. } = resources;
+
+        let format = resources.surface_config.borrow().format;
+        let color_target = wgpu::ColorTargetState {
+            format,
+            blend: Some(wgpu::BlendState::ALPHA_BLENDING),
+            write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::all(),
+        };
+
+        let rect_pipeline = rect::Pipeline::new(
+            resources.uniform_bind_group_layout(),
+            device,
+            color_target.clone(),
+        );
+
+        let glyph_pipeline = glyph::Pipeline::new(
+            resources.uniform_bind_group_layout(),
+            device,
+            color_target.clone(),
+            glyph_config,
+        );
+
+        let image_pipeline =
+            image::Pipeline::new(resources.uniform_bind_group_layout(), device, color_target);
+
+        Self {
+            rect_pipeline,
+            glyph_pipeline,
+            image_pipeline,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn render<'a>(
+        &mut self,
+        scene: &Scene,
+        resources: &Resources,
+        rasterize_glyph_fn: &RasterizeGlyphFn,
+        glyph_raster_bounds_fn: &GlyphRasterBoundsFn,
+        window_size: Vector2F,
+        pre_present_callback: Option<Box<dyn FnOnce() + 'a>>,
+        capture_callback: Option<Box<dyn FnOnce(CapturedFrame) + Send + 'static>>,
+    ) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let Resources { device, queue, .. } = resources;
+
+        // Don't initiate the render if we are trying to render into a
+        // zero-sized window.
+        if window_size.is_zero() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let mut ctx = WGPUContext {
+            resources,
+            rasterize_glyph_fn,
+            glyph_raster_bounds_fn,
+        };
+
+        let frame = match with_error_scope(device, || {
+            Frame::new(
+                scene,
+                &mut ctx,
+                &self.rect_pipeline,
+                &mut self.glyph_pipeline,
+                &mut self.image_pipeline,
+            )
+        }) {
+            (_, Some(error)) => return Err(error),
+            (frame, _) => frame,
+        };
+
+        let surface_texture = resources.get_surface_texture()?;
+
+        let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&ENCODER_DESCRIPTOR);
+        let (_, error) = with_error_scope(device, || {
+            frame.draw(resources, &mut encoder, &surface_texture);
+            queue.submit(Some(encoder.finish()));
+        });
+
+        if let Some(callback) = capture_callback {
+            if let Err(err) =
+                capture_surface_texture(device, queue, resources, &surface_texture, callback)
+            {
+                log::warn!("Frame capture failed: {err}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(callback) = pre_present_callback {
+            callback();
+        }
+
+        match error {
+            Some(error) => Err(error),
+            None => {
+                // Only present the surface if there were no errors, otherwise
+                // wgpu will print out an error that we attempted to present a
+                // texture without submitting any work to the GPU.
+                match with_error_scope(device, || {
+                    surface_texture.present();
+                }) {
+                    (_, None) => Ok(()),
+                    (_, Some(error)) => Err(error),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Errors that can occur while rendering a scene.
+#[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
+pub enum Error {
+    #[error("Device was lost")]
+    DeviceLost,
+    #[error("Failed to acquire surface texture: {0:#}")]
+    SurfaceError(#[from] GetSurfaceTextureError),
+    #[error("Failed to configure surface: {0:#}")]
+    SurfaceConfigureError(#[from] SurfaceConfigureError),
+    #[error("{0:#}")]
+    Unknown(#[source] wgpu::Error),
+}
+
+impl From<wgpu::Error> for Error {
+    fn from(value: wgpu::Error) -> Self {
+        for error in anyhow::Chain::new(&value) {
+            if let Some(DeviceError::Lost) = error.downcast_ref::<DeviceError>() {
+                return Error::DeviceLost;
+            }
+
+            // The use of `#[transparent]` for many nested device errors breaks
+            // error chaining - the call to `source()` gets forwarded to the
+            // DeviceError::Lost, which returns None (it doesn't wrap an error).
+            // Ideally, these wrapped errors should use `#[from]` instead, but
+            // until then, we need to do this to properly catch DeviceError::Lost
+            // from within a call to present().
+            if let Some(SurfaceError::Device(DeviceError::Lost)) =
+                error.downcast_ref::<SurfaceError>()
+            {
+                return Error::DeviceLost;
+            }
+        }
+        Error::Unknown(value)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Copies the current surface texture into a `CapturedFrame` and delivers it via `callback`.
+///
+/// **`callback` is invoked synchronously on the render thread** once the GPU readback
+/// completes. It must be lightweight (e.g., move the frame into a shared buffer and return
+/// immediately) to avoid stalling frame presentation.
+fn capture_surface_texture(
+    device: &wgpu::Device,
+    queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+    resources: &Resources,
+    surface_texture: &wgpu::SurfaceTexture,
+    callback: Box<dyn FnOnce(CapturedFrame) + Send + 'static>,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let texture = &surface_texture.texture;
+    let width = texture.width();
+    let height = texture.height();
+
+    if width == 0 || height == 0 {
+        return Err(format!("Invalid texture dimensions: {width}x{height}"));
+    }
+
+    let format = resources.surface_config.borrow().format;
+    let bytes_per_pixel = 4u32;
+    let unpadded_bytes_per_row = width * bytes_per_pixel;
+    let align = wgpu::COPY_BYTES_PER_ROW_ALIGNMENT;
+    let padded_bytes_per_row = unpadded_bytes_per_row.div_ceil(align) * align;
+    let buffer_size = (padded_bytes_per_row * height) as u64;
+
+    let staging_buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+        label: Some("Frame capture staging buffer"),
+        size: buffer_size,
+        usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST | wgpu::BufferUsages::MAP_READ,
+        mapped_at_creation: false,
+    });
+
+    let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor {
+        label: Some("Frame capture encoder"),
+    });
+
+    encoder.copy_texture_to_buffer(
+        wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo {
+            texture,
+            mip_level: 0,
+            origin: wgpu::Origin3d::ZERO,
+            aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+        },
+        wgpu::TexelCopyBufferInfo {
+            buffer: &staging_buffer,
+            layout: wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout {
+                offset: 0,
+                bytes_per_row: Some(padded_bytes_per_row),
+                rows_per_image: None,
+            },
+        },
+        wgpu::Extent3d {
+            width,
+            height,
+            depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+        },
+    );
+
+    queue.submit(Some(encoder.finish()));
+
+    let buffer_slice = staging_buffer.slice(..);
+    let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+    buffer_slice.map_async(wgpu::MapMode::Read, move |result| {
+        let _ = sender.send(result);
+    });
+
+    block_on(async {
+        let _ = device.poll(wgpu::PollType::Wait {
+            submission_index: None,
+            timeout: None,
+        });
+    });
+
+    let map_result = receiver
+        .recv()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to receive map result: {e}"))?
+        .map_err(|e| format!("Buffer mapping failed: {e}"));
+
+    map_result?;
+
+    let data = buffer_slice.get_mapped_range();
+    let mut rgba_data = Vec::with_capacity((width * height * bytes_per_pixel) as usize);
+    for row in 0..height {
+        let start = (row * padded_bytes_per_row) as usize;
+        let end = start + unpadded_bytes_per_row as usize;
+        rgba_data.extend_from_slice(&data[start..end]);
+    }
+    drop(data);
+    staging_buffer.unmap();
+
+    if format == wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm || format == wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb {
+        for chunk in rgba_data.chunks_exact_mut(4) {
+            chunk.swap(0, 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    callback(CapturedFrame::new(width, height, rgba_data));
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+struct WGPUContext<'a> {
+    resources: &'a Resources,
+    rasterize_glyph_fn: &'a RasterizeGlyphFn<'a>,
+    glyph_raster_bounds_fn: &'a GlyphRasterBoundsFn<'a>,
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/renderer/frame.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+use crate::rendering::wgpu::renderer::{glyph, image, rect, WGPUContext};
+
+use crate::rendering::wgpu::Resources;
+use crate::scene::Layer;
+use crate::Scene;
+
+use pathfinder_geometry::rect::RectF;
+use pathfinder_geometry::vector::Vector2F;
+use wgpu::{CommandEncoder, RenderPass, SurfaceTexture};
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct PerFrameState {
+    rect: rect::PerFrameState,
+    glyph: glyph::PerFrameState,
+    image: image::PerFrameState,
+}
+
+/// Struct responsible for rendering a frame by issuing draw calls.
+pub(super) struct Frame<'a> {
+    scene: &'a Scene,
+    layer_state: Vec<LayerState<'a>>,
+    per_frame_state: PerFrameState,
+    rect_pipeline: &'a rect::Pipeline,
+    glyph_pipeline: &'a mut glyph::Pipeline,
+    image_pipeline: &'a mut image::Pipeline,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Frame<'a> {
+    pub(super) fn new(
+        scene: &'a Scene,
+        ctx: &'a mut WGPUContext<'a>,
+        rect_pipeline: &'a rect::Pipeline,
+        glyph_pipeline: &'a mut glyph::Pipeline,
+        image_pipeline: &'a mut image::Pipeline,
+    ) -> Self {
+        glyph_pipeline.update_config(&scene.rendering_config().glyphs);
+
+        let mut layer_state = vec![];
+        let mut per_frame_state = PerFrameState::default();
+
+        for layer in scene.layers() {
+            let rect_layer_state =
+                rect_pipeline.initialize_for_layer(layer, scene, &mut per_frame_state.rect);
+            let glyph_layer_state =
+                glyph_pipeline.initialize_for_layer(layer, scene, &mut per_frame_state.glyph, ctx);
+            let image_layer_state =
+                image_pipeline.initialize_for_layer(layer, scene, &mut per_frame_state.image, ctx);
+            layer_state.push(LayerState {
+                layer,
+                rect_layer_state,
+                glyph_layer_state,
+                image_layer_state,
+            });
+        }
+
+        rect::Pipeline::finalize_per_frame_state(
+            &mut per_frame_state.rect,
+            &ctx.resources.device,
+            &ctx.resources.device_lost,
+        );
+        glyph::Pipeline::finalize_per_frame_state(
+            &mut per_frame_state.glyph,
+            &ctx.resources.device,
+            &ctx.resources.device_lost,
+        );
+        image::Pipeline::finalize_per_frame_state(
+            &mut per_frame_state.image,
+            &ctx.resources.device,
+            &ctx.resources.device_lost,
+        );
+
+        Self {
+            scene,
+            layer_state,
+            per_frame_state,
+            rect_pipeline,
+            glyph_pipeline,
+            image_pipeline,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Encodes draw calls into the [`wgpu::CommandEncoder`] to render the [`Scene`]. Callers are
+    /// responsible for finishing the [`wgpu::CommandEncoder`] and actually presenting the current
+    /// drawable on the screen.
+    pub(super) fn draw(
+        self,
+        resources: &Resources,
+        encoder: &mut CommandEncoder,
+        surface_texture: &SurfaceTexture,
+    ) {
+        let surface_size = Vector2F::new(
+            surface_texture.texture.width() as f32,
+            surface_texture.texture.height() as f32,
+        );
+
+        let view = surface_texture
+            .texture
+            .create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor {
+                format: Some(surface_texture.texture.format()),
+                ..Default::default()
+            });
+
+        let mut render_pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+            color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                view: &view,
+                depth_slice: None,
+                resolve_target: None,
+                ops: wgpu::Operations {
+                    load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color::TRANSPARENT),
+                    store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+                },
+            })],
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        resources.configure_render_pass(&mut render_pass, surface_size);
+
+        let device_bounds = RectF::new(Vector2F::zero(), surface_size);
+
+        for layer_state in &self.layer_state {
+            if let Some(bounds) = layer_state.layer.clip_bounds {
+                // Make sure the scissor rect doesn't extend beyond the boundaries
+                // of the window.
+                let bounds = (bounds * self.scene.scale_factor()).intersection(device_bounds);
+                let Some(intersection) = bounds else {
+                    // The layer's clip bounds don't intersect the window bounds
+                    // at all; we can skip drawing anything in this layer.
+                    continue;
+                };
+
+                Self::set_scissor_rect(&mut render_pass, intersection);
+            } else {
+                Self::set_scissor_rect(&mut render_pass, device_bounds);
+            }
+
+            if let Some(rect_layer_state) = &layer_state.rect_layer_state {
+                self.rect_pipeline.draw(
+                    &mut render_pass,
+                    rect_layer_state,
+                    &self.per_frame_state.rect,
+                );
+            }
+
+            if let Some(image_layer_state) = &layer_state.image_layer_state {
+                self.image_pipeline.draw(
+                    &mut render_pass,
+                    image_layer_state,
+                    &self.per_frame_state.image,
+                );
+            }
+
+            if let Some(glyph_layer_state) = &layer_state.glyph_layer_state {
+                self.glyph_pipeline.draw(
+                    &mut render_pass,
+                    glyph_layer_state,
+                    &self.per_frame_state.glyph,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn set_scissor_rect(render_pass: &mut RenderPass<'_>, scissor_rect_bounds: RectF) {
+        // Round the corners independently and derive width/height from those. Rounding origin and
+        // size independently can produce a rect that extends beyond the surface when the origin
+        // rounds up and the size also rounds up.
+        let origin_x = scissor_rect_bounds.origin_x().round() as u32;
+        let origin_y = scissor_rect_bounds.origin_y().round() as u32;
+        let max_x = scissor_rect_bounds.max_x().round() as u32;
+        let max_y = scissor_rect_bounds.max_y().round() as u32;
+        let width = max_x.saturating_sub(origin_x);
+        let height = max_y.saturating_sub(origin_y);
+
+        // wgpu runtime assertions will fail if a scissor rect is set with a 0 width or height. See
+        // https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/issues/1750
+        if height != 0 && width != 0 {
+            render_pass.set_scissor_rect(origin_x, origin_y, width, height);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Frame<'_> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // Let the image pipeline know that we've finished the frame so it can
+        // perform cache cleanup.
+        self.image_pipeline.end_frame();
+    }
+}
+
+/// State for rendering a given [`Layer`] onto the screen.
+struct LayerState<'a> {
+    layer: &'a Layer,
+    rect_layer_state: Option<rect::LayerState>,
+    glyph_layer_state: Option<glyph::LayerState>,
+    image_layer_state: Option<image::LayerState>,
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/renderer/glyph.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+use crate::fonts::SubpixelAlignment;
+use crate::rendering::atlas::TextureId;
+use crate::rendering::wgpu::renderer::WGPUContext;
+use crate::rendering::wgpu::texture_with_bind_group::TextureWithBindGroup;
+use crate::rendering::wgpu::{resources, shader_types};
+use crate::rendering::{GlyphCache, GlyphConfig};
+use crate::scene::{GlyphFade, Layer};
+use crate::Scene;
+use pathfinder_geometry::rect::RectF;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
+use wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor;
+use wgpu::{
+    BindGroupLayout, BufferUsages, ColorTargetState, Device, FilterMode, RenderPass,
+    RenderPipeline, Sampler,
+};
+
+use super::util::create_buffer_init;
+
+pub(super) struct Pipeline {
+    glyph_cache: GlyphCache<TextureWithBindGroup>,
+    render_pipeline: RenderPipeline,
+    texture_bind_group_layout: BindGroupLayout,
+    sampler: Sampler,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(super) struct PerFrameState {
+    glyph_data: Vec<shaders::GlyphInstanceData>,
+    buffer: Option<wgpu::Buffer>,
+}
+
+pub(super) struct LayerState {
+    textures: Vec<PerTextureState>,
+}
+
+pub(super) struct PerTextureState {
+    texture_id: TextureId,
+    start_offset: usize,
+    len: usize,
+}
+impl Pipeline {
+    pub(super) fn new(
+        uniform_bind_group_layout: &BindGroupLayout,
+        device: &Device,
+        color_target: ColorTargetState,
+        glyph_config: GlyphConfig,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Glyph Shader"),
+            source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(Cow::Borrowed(include_str!(
+                "../shaders/glyph_shader.wgsl"
+            ))),
+        });
+
+        let texture_bind_group_layout =
+            device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+                entries: &[
+                    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                        binding: 0,
+                        visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                        ty: wgpu::BindingType::Texture {
+                            multisampled: false,
+                            view_dimension: wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2,
+                            sample_type: wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float { filterable: true },
+                        },
+                        count: None,
+                    },
+                    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                        binding: 1,
+                        visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                        // This should match the filterable field of the
+                        // corresponding Texture entry above.
+                        ty: wgpu::BindingType::Sampler(wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Filtering),
+                        count: None,
+                    },
+                ],
+                label: Some("texture_bind_group_layout"),
+            });
+
+        let glyph_pipeline_layout =
+            device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
+                label: Some("Glyph pipeline layout"),
+                bind_group_layouts: &[
+                    Some(uniform_bind_group_layout),
+                    Some(&texture_bind_group_layout),
+                ],
+                immediate_size: 0,
+            });
+
+        let render_pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Glyph Render pipeline"),
+            layout: Some(&glyph_pipeline_layout),
+            vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: Some("vs_main"),
+                buffers: &[
+                    shader_types::Vertex::desc(),
+                    shaders::GlyphInstanceData::desc(),
+                ],
+                compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            },
+            fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: Some("fs_main"),
+                targets: &[Some(color_target)],
+                compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            }),
+            primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState::default(),
+            depth_stencil: None,
+            multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState::default(),
+            multiview_mask: None,
+            // Don't use a pipeline cache. Most desktop GPU drivers have their own internal caches,
+            // so we are unlikely to get much value out of this for the platforms Warp supports.
+            cache: None,
+        });
+
+        let sampler = device.create_sampler(&wgpu::SamplerDescriptor {
+            mag_filter: FilterMode::Linear,
+            min_filter: FilterMode::Linear,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        Self {
+            glyph_cache: GlyphCache::new(glyph_config),
+            render_pipeline,
+            texture_bind_group_layout,
+            sampler,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn update_config(&mut self, glyph_config: &GlyphConfig) {
+        self.glyph_cache.update_config(glyph_config);
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn initialize_for_layer(
+        &mut self,
+        layer: &Layer,
+        scene: &Scene,
+        per_frame_state: &mut PerFrameState,
+        ctx: &WGPUContext,
+    ) -> Option<LayerState> {
+        if layer.glyphs.is_empty() {
+            // There are no glyphs to render, exit early.
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let scale_factor = scene.scale_factor();
+
+        let mut texture_to_glyph: HashMap<TextureId, Vec<shaders::GlyphInstanceData>> =
+            HashMap::new();
+        for glyph in &layer.glyphs {
+            let glyph_position = glyph.position * scale_factor;
+            let subpixel_alignment = SubpixelAlignment::new(glyph_position);
+            match self.glyph_cache.get(
+                glyph.glyph_key,
+                scene.scale_factor(),
+                subpixel_alignment,
+                &|size| {
+                    TextureWithBindGroup::new(
+                        size,
+                        &ctx.resources.device,
+                        &self.texture_bind_group_layout,
+                        &self.sampler,
+                    )
+                },
+                &|region, rasterized_glyph, texture| {
+                    texture.insert_glyph_into_texture(
+                        region,
+                        rasterized_glyph,
+                        &ctx.resources.queue,
+                    )
+                },
+                ctx.glyph_raster_bounds_fn,
+                ctx.rasterize_glyph_fn,
+            ) {
+                Ok(Some(gto)) => {
+                    let (fade_start, fade_end) = match &glyph.fade {
+                        None => (&0.0, &-1.0),
+                        Some(GlyphFade::Horizontal { start, end }) => (start, end),
+                    };
+
+                    // Adjust the horizontal position by the subpixel alignment
+                    // so that we only shift the glyph over by the amount that
+                    // isn't accounted for in the subpixel-rasterized glyph.
+                    let glyph_position = glyph_position - subpixel_alignment.to_offset();
+
+                    // Make sure to pass the glyph size in the atlas
+                    // Not the size of the render bounds (which may be smaller)
+                    // If you pass the render bounds as the size, the shader
+                    // will try to sample from a smaller area than the size
+                    // in the atlas, leading to artifacts.
+                    let glyph_instance_data = shaders::GlyphInstanceData::new(
+                        RectF::new(
+                            glyph_position + gto.raster_bounds.origin(),
+                            gto.allocated_region.pixel_region.size().to_f32(),
+                        ),
+                        gto.allocated_region.uv_region,
+                        fade_start * scale_factor,
+                        fade_end * scale_factor,
+                        glyph.color,
+                        gto.is_emoji,
+                    );
+
+                    texture_to_glyph
+                        .entry(gto.texture_id)
+                        .or_default()
+                        .push(glyph_instance_data);
+                }
+                Ok(None) => {}
+                Err(err) => {
+                    log::warn!("Unable to get glyph out of glyph cache: {err:?}, {glyph:?}");
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if texture_to_glyph.is_empty() {
+            // Early exit if there are no glyphs to render, as it causes a debug assert
+            // failure in the metal code to create an empty metal buffer.
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let mut start_offset = per_frame_state.glyph_data.len();
+        let per_texture_data = texture_to_glyph
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(texture_id, mut glyph_instance_data)| {
+                let len = glyph_instance_data.len();
+                per_frame_state.glyph_data.append(&mut glyph_instance_data);
+
+                let state = PerTextureState {
+                    texture_id,
+                    start_offset,
+                    len,
+                };
+                start_offset += len;
+                state
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        Some(LayerState {
+            textures: per_texture_data,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn finalize_per_frame_state(
+        per_frame_state: &mut PerFrameState,
+        device: &Device,
+        device_lost: &Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    ) {
+        per_frame_state.buffer = create_buffer_init(
+            device,
+            device_lost,
+            &BufferInitDescriptor {
+                label: Some("Glyph instance buffer"),
+                contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&per_frame_state.glyph_data),
+                usage: BufferUsages::VERTEX,
+            },
+        )
+        .ok();
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn draw<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        render_pass: &mut RenderPass<'a>,
+        layer_state: &LayerState,
+        per_frame_state: &'a PerFrameState,
+    ) {
+        let Some(buffer) = per_frame_state.buffer.as_ref() else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        render_pass.set_pipeline(&self.render_pipeline);
+        render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, buffer.slice(..));
+
+        for per_texture_state in &layer_state.textures {
+            let texture_with_view = self
+                .glyph_cache
+                .texture(&per_texture_state.texture_id)
+                .expect("texture ID should be in atlas");
+
+            render_pass.set_bind_group(1, texture_with_view.bind_group(), &[]);
+            let end_offset = per_texture_state.start_offset + per_texture_state.len;
+            render_pass.draw_indexed(
+                0..resources::quad::INDICES.len() as u32,
+                0,
+                per_texture_state.start_offset as u32..end_offset as u32,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+mod shaders {
+    use crate::rendering::wgpu::shader_types::{ColorF, Vector4F};
+    use pathfinder_color::ColorU;
+    use pathfinder_geometry::rect::RectF;
+
+    #[repr(C)]
+    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+    pub struct GlyphInstanceData {
+        bounds: Vector4F,
+        uv_bounds: Vector4F,
+        fade_start: f32,
+        fade_end: f32,
+        color: ColorF,
+        is_emoji: i32,
+    }
+
+    impl GlyphInstanceData {
+        const ATTRIBS: [wgpu::VertexAttribute; 6] = wgpu::vertex_attr_array![
+            1 => Float32x4,    // Bounds
+            2 => Float32x4,     // UV Bounds
+            3 => Float32,       // Fade Start
+            4 => Float32,       // Fade end
+            5 => Float32x4,     // Color
+            6 => Sint32,        // Is Emoji
+        ];
+
+        pub(super) fn new(
+            bounds: RectF,
+            uv_left: RectF,
+            fade_start: f32,
+            fade_end: f32,
+            color: ColorU,
+            is_emoji: bool,
+        ) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                bounds: bounds.into(),
+                uv_bounds: uv_left.into(),
+                fade_start,
+                fade_end,
+                color: color.into(),
+                is_emoji: is_emoji as i32,
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub(super) fn desc() -> wgpu::VertexBufferLayout<'static> {
+            use std::mem;
+
+            wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+                array_stride: mem::size_of::<Self>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+                step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Instance,
+                attributes: &Self::ATTRIBS,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/renderer/image.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+use crate::image_cache::StaticImage;
+use crate::rendering::texture_cache::{TextureCache, TextureCacheIndex};
+use crate::rendering::wgpu::{resources, shader_types};
+use crate::scene::Layer;
+use crate::Scene;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
+use wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor;
+use wgpu::{
+    BindGroup, BindGroupDescriptor, BindGroupLayout, ColorTargetState, Device, Extent3d,
+    FilterMode, RenderPass, RenderPipeline, Sampler, TextureDescriptor, TextureFormat,
+    TextureUsages,
+};
+
+use self::shaders::{ColorModifier, ImageInstanceData};
+
+use super::util::create_buffer_init;
+use super::WGPUContext;
+
+pub(super) struct Pipeline {
+    render_pipeline: RenderPipeline,
+    texture_cache: TextureCache<TextureInfo>,
+    texture_bind_group_layout: BindGroupLayout,
+    sampler: Sampler,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(super) struct PerFrameState {
+    image_data: Vec<shaders::ImageInstanceData>,
+    buffer: Option<wgpu::Buffer>,
+}
+
+pub(super) struct LayerState {
+    start_offset: usize,
+    image_textures: Vec<TextureCacheIndex>,
+}
+
+impl Pipeline {
+    pub(super) fn new(
+        uniform_bind_group_layout: &BindGroupLayout,
+        device: &Device,
+        color_target: ColorTargetState,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Image Shader"),
+            source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(Cow::Borrowed(include_str!(
+                "../shaders/image_shader.wgsl"
+            ))),
+        });
+
+        let texture_bind_group_layout =
+            device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+                entries: &[
+                    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                        binding: 0,
+                        visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                        ty: wgpu::BindingType::Texture {
+                            multisampled: false,
+                            view_dimension: wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2,
+                            sample_type: wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float { filterable: true },
+                        },
+                        count: None,
+                    },
+                    wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                        binding: 1,
+                        visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                        // This should match the filterable field of the
+                        // corresponding Texture entry above.
+                        ty: wgpu::BindingType::Sampler(wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Filtering),
+                        count: None,
+                    },
+                ],
+                label: Some("texture_bind_group_layout"),
+            });
+
+        let pipeline_layout = device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Image pipeline layout"),
+            bind_group_layouts: &[
+                Some(uniform_bind_group_layout),
+                Some(&texture_bind_group_layout),
+            ],
+            immediate_size: 0,
+        });
+
+        let render_pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Image render pipeline"),
+            layout: Some(&pipeline_layout),
+            vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: Some("vs_main"),
+                buffers: &[shader_types::Vertex::desc(), ImageInstanceData::desc()],
+                compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            },
+            fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: Some("fs_main"),
+                targets: &[Some(color_target)],
+                compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            }),
+            primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState::default(),
+            depth_stencil: None,
+            multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState::default(),
+            multiview_mask: None,
+            // Don't use a pipeline cache. Most desktop GPU drivers have their own internal caches,
+            // so we are unlikely to get much value out of this for the platforms Warp supports.
+            cache: None,
+        });
+
+        let sampler = device.create_sampler(&wgpu::SamplerDescriptor {
+            mag_filter: FilterMode::Linear,
+            min_filter: FilterMode::Linear,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        Self {
+            render_pipeline,
+            texture_cache: TextureCache::new(),
+            texture_bind_group_layout,
+            sampler,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn initialize_for_layer(
+        &mut self,
+        layer: &Layer,
+        scene: &Scene,
+        per_frame_state: &mut PerFrameState,
+        ctx: &WGPUContext,
+    ) -> Option<LayerState> {
+        if layer.images.is_empty() && layer.icons.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let start_offset = per_frame_state.image_data.len();
+        let mut layer_state = LayerState {
+            start_offset,
+            image_textures: Vec::with_capacity(layer.images.len() + layer.icons.len()),
+        };
+        let scale_factor = scene.scale_factor();
+        for image in &layer.images {
+            let bounds = image.bounds * scale_factor;
+            let min_dimension = f32::min(bounds.height(), bounds.width());
+            let corner_radius = crate::rendering::CornerRadius::from_ui_corner_radius(
+                image.corner_radius,
+                scale_factor,
+                min_dimension,
+            );
+
+            per_frame_state.image_data.push(ImageInstanceData::new(
+                image.bounds * scale_factor,
+                ColorModifier::Image {
+                    opacity: (image.opacity * 255.) as u8,
+                },
+                corner_radius,
+            ));
+            let (texture_id, _) =
+                self.texture_cache
+                    .get_or_insert_by_asset(&image.asset, |asset| {
+                        TextureInfo::new(asset, &self.texture_bind_group_layout, &self.sampler, ctx)
+                    });
+            layer_state.image_textures.push(texture_id);
+        }
+
+        for icon in &layer.icons {
+            per_frame_state.image_data.push(ImageInstanceData::new(
+                icon.bounds * scale_factor,
+                ColorModifier::Icon { color: icon.color },
+                crate::rendering::CornerRadius::default(),
+            ));
+            let (texture_id, _) = self
+                .texture_cache
+                .get_or_insert_by_asset(&icon.asset, |asset| {
+                    TextureInfo::new(asset, &self.texture_bind_group_layout, &self.sampler, ctx)
+                });
+            layer_state.image_textures.push(texture_id);
+        }
+
+        Some(layer_state)
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn finalize_per_frame_state(
+        per_frame_state: &mut PerFrameState,
+        device: &Device,
+        device_lost: &Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    ) {
+        per_frame_state.buffer = create_buffer_init(
+            device,
+            device_lost,
+            &BufferInitDescriptor {
+                label: Some("Image instance buffer"),
+                contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&per_frame_state.image_data),
+                usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX,
+            },
+        )
+        .ok();
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn draw<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        render_pass: &mut RenderPass<'a>,
+        layer_state: &LayerState,
+        per_frame_state: &'a PerFrameState,
+    ) {
+        let Some(buffer) = per_frame_state.buffer.as_ref() else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        render_pass.set_pipeline(&self.render_pipeline);
+        render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, buffer.slice(..));
+
+        for (index, texture_id) in layer_state.image_textures.iter().enumerate() {
+            let TextureInfo { bind_group, .. } = self
+                .texture_cache
+                .get(*texture_id)
+                .expect("texture should not leave cache between generating layer data and drawing");
+            render_pass.set_bind_group(1, bind_group, &[]);
+
+            let start_offset = layer_state.start_offset + index;
+            render_pass.draw_indexed(
+                0..resources::quad::INDICES.len() as u32,
+                0,
+                start_offset as u32..(start_offset + 1) as u32,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn end_frame(&mut self) {
+        self.texture_cache.end_frame();
+    }
+}
+
+/// A structure containing info about a GPU texture from which we can render
+/// a particular static image asset.
+struct TextureInfo {
+    /// A handle to the set of resources that are needed to bind the texture
+    /// in a shader.
+    bind_group: BindGroup,
+}
+
+impl TextureInfo {
+    fn new(
+        asset: &Arc<StaticImage>,
+        bind_group_layout: &BindGroupLayout,
+        sampler: &Sampler,
+        ctx: &WGPUContext,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let texture_size = Extent3d {
+            width: asset.width(),
+            height: asset.height(),
+            depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+        };
+        let desc = TextureDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Image texture"),
+            size: texture_size,
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+            format: TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
+            usage: TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+            view_formats: &[],
+        };
+
+        let texture = ctx.resources.device.create_texture(&desc);
+        let bytes_per_row: u32 = 4 * asset.width();
+        ctx.resources.queue.write_texture(
+            wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo {
+                texture: &texture,
+                mip_level: 0,
+                origin: wgpu::Origin3d::ZERO,
+                aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+            },
+            asset.rgba_bytes(),
+            wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout {
+                offset: 0,
+                bytes_per_row: Some(bytes_per_row),
+                rows_per_image: None,
+            },
+            texture_size,
+        );
+
+        let view = texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+        let bind_group = ctx
+            .resources
+            .device
+            .create_bind_group(&BindGroupDescriptor {
+                layout: bind_group_layout,
+                entries: &[
+                    wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                        binding: 0,
+                        resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&view),
+                    },
+                    wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                        binding: 1,
+                        resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Sampler(sampler),
+                    },
+                ],
+                label: None,
+            });
+
+        Self { bind_group }
+    }
+}
+
+mod shaders {
+    use crate::rendering::wgpu::shader_types::{vec4f, ColorF, Vector4F};
+    use crate::rendering::CornerRadius;
+    use pathfinder_color::ColorU;
+    use pathfinder_geometry::rect::RectF;
+
+    /// Icons support overriding the color, whereas images only allow setting the opacity.
+    pub(super) enum ColorModifier {
+        Icon { color: ColorU },
+        Image { opacity: u8 },
+    }
+
+    impl From<ColorModifier> for ColorF {
+        fn from(color_mod: ColorModifier) -> Self {
+            match color_mod {
+                ColorModifier::Icon { color } => color.to_f32().into(),
+                ColorModifier::Image { opacity } => ColorU::new(0, 0, 0, opacity).to_f32().into(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[repr(C)]
+    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+    pub(super) struct ImageInstanceData {
+        bounds: Vector4F,
+        color: ColorF,
+        is_icon: u32,
+        corner_radius: Vector4F,
+    }
+
+    impl ImageInstanceData {
+        const ATTRIBS: [wgpu::VertexAttribute; 4] = wgpu::vertex_attr_array![
+            1 => Float32x4,    // Bounds
+            2 => Float32x4,    // Color
+            3 => Uint32,       // Boolean, image or icon
+            4 => Float32x4,    // Corner radius
+        ];
+
+        pub(super) fn new(
+            bounds: RectF,
+            color_modifier: ColorModifier,
+            corner_radius: CornerRadius,
+        ) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                bounds: bounds.into(),
+                is_icon: matches!(color_modifier, ColorModifier::Icon { .. }).into(),
+                color: color_modifier.into(),
+                corner_radius: vec4f(
+                    corner_radius.top_left,
+                    corner_radius.top_right,
+                    corner_radius.bottom_left,
+                    corner_radius.bottom_right,
+                ),
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub(super) fn desc() -> wgpu::VertexBufferLayout<'static> {
+            use std::mem;
+
+            wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+                array_stride: mem::size_of::<Self>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+                step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Instance,
+                attributes: &Self::ATTRIBS,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/renderer/rect.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+use crate::rendering::get_best_dash_gap;
+use crate::rendering::wgpu::shader_types::BorderWidth;
+use crate::rendering::wgpu::{resources, shader_types};
+use crate::scene::Layer;
+use crate::Scene;
+use pathfinder_color::ColorU;
+use pathfinder_geometry::rect::RectF;
+use pathfinder_geometry::vector::vec2f;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::sync::{atomic::AtomicBool, Arc};
+use wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor;
+use wgpu::{BindGroupLayout, ColorTargetState, Device, RenderPass, RenderPipeline};
+
+use super::util::create_buffer_init;
+
+pub(super) struct Pipeline {
+    render_pipeline: RenderPipeline,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(super) struct PerFrameState {
+    rect_data: Vec<shader_types::RectData>,
+    buffer: Option<wgpu::Buffer>,
+}
+
+pub(super) struct LayerState {
+    start_offset: usize,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl Pipeline {
+    pub(super) fn new(
+        uniform_bind_group_layout: &BindGroupLayout,
+        device: &Device,
+        color_target: ColorTargetState,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Rect Shader"),
+            source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(Cow::Borrowed(include_str!(
+                "../shaders/rect_shader.wgsl"
+            ))),
+        });
+
+        let pipeline_layout = device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Rect pipeline layout"),
+            bind_group_layouts: &[Some(uniform_bind_group_layout)],
+            immediate_size: 0,
+        });
+
+        let render_pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Rect render pipeline"),
+            layout: Some(&pipeline_layout),
+            vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: Some("vs_main"),
+                buffers: &[shader_types::Vertex::desc(), shader_types::RectData::desc()],
+                compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            },
+            fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: Some("rect_fs_main"),
+                targets: &[Some(color_target)],
+                compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            }),
+            primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState::default(),
+            depth_stencil: None,
+            multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState::default(),
+            multiview_mask: None,
+            // Don't use a pipeline cache. Most desktop GPU drivers have their own internal caches,
+            // so we are unlikely to get much value out of this for the platforms Warp supports.
+            cache: None,
+        });
+
+        Self { render_pipeline }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn initialize_for_layer(
+        &self,
+        layer: &Layer,
+        scene: &Scene,
+        per_frame_state: &mut PerFrameState,
+    ) -> Option<LayerState> {
+        if layer.rects.is_empty() {
+            // It's a mac assertion error to create an empty metal buffer, so exit early
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let scale_factor = scene.scale_factor();
+        let mut rect_instance_data = Vec::with_capacity(layer.rects.len());
+        for rect in &layer.rects {
+            let bounds = rect.bounds * scale_factor;
+
+            if let Some(drop_shadow) = rect.drop_shadow {
+                let sigma = drop_shadow.blur_radius * scale_factor;
+                let padding = drop_shadow.spread_radius * scale_factor;
+                let shadow_origin = bounds.origin() + drop_shadow.offset * scale_factor - padding;
+                let shadow_size = bounds.size() + vec2f(2. * padding, 2. * padding);
+
+                let min_dimension = f32::min(shadow_size.x(), shadow_size.y());
+                let corner_radius = crate::rendering::CornerRadius::from_ui_corner_radius(
+                    rect.corner_radius,
+                    scale_factor,
+                    min_dimension,
+                );
+                let bounds = RectF::new(shadow_origin, shadow_size);
+                let shadow_color = shader_types::Color {
+                    start: vec2f(0., 0.).into(),
+                    start_color: drop_shadow.color.into(),
+                    end: vec2f(1., 0.).into(),
+                    end_color: drop_shadow.color.into(),
+                };
+
+                let border_color = shader_types::Color {
+                    start: vec2f(0., 0.).into(),
+                    start_color: ColorU::transparent_black().into(),
+                    end: vec2f(1., 0.).into(),
+                    end_color: ColorU::transparent_black().into(),
+                };
+
+                rect_instance_data.push(shader_types::RectData::new(
+                    bounds,
+                    shadow_color,
+                    border_color,
+                    corner_radius.clone(),
+                    BorderWidth::default(),
+                    sigma,
+                    padding,
+                    0.,
+                    vec2f(0., 0.),
+                ));
+            }
+
+            let min_dimension = f32::min(bounds.height(), bounds.width());
+            let corner_radius = crate::rendering::CornerRadius::from_ui_corner_radius(
+                rect.corner_radius,
+                scale_factor,
+                min_dimension,
+            );
+            let background_color = shader_types::Color {
+                start: rect.background.start().into(),
+                start_color: (rect.background.start_color().into()),
+                end: rect.background.end().into(),
+                end_color: (rect.background.end_color().into()),
+            };
+
+            let border_color = shader_types::Color {
+                start: rect.border.color.start().into(),
+                start_color: (rect.border.color.start_color().into()),
+                end: rect.border.color.end().into(),
+                end_color: (rect.border.color.end_color().into()),
+            };
+
+            let border_width = shader_types::BorderWidth {
+                top: rect.border.top_width() * scale_factor,
+                right: rect.border.right_width() * scale_factor,
+                bottom: rect.border.bottom_width() * scale_factor,
+                left: rect.border.left_width() * scale_factor,
+            };
+
+            let dash = rect
+                .border
+                .dash
+                .map(|mut dash| {
+                    dash.dash_length *= scale_factor;
+                    dash.gap_length *= scale_factor;
+                    dash
+                })
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            let horizontal_gap = get_best_dash_gap(bounds.width(), dash);
+            let vertical_gap = get_best_dash_gap(bounds.height(), dash);
+            let gap_lengths = vec2f(horizontal_gap, vertical_gap);
+
+            let rect_data = shader_types::RectData::new(
+                bounds,
+                background_color,
+                border_color,
+                corner_radius,
+                border_width,
+                0.,
+                0.,
+                dash.dash_length,
+                gap_lengths,
+            );
+            rect_instance_data.push(rect_data);
+        }
+
+        let start_offset = per_frame_state.rect_data.len();
+        let len = rect_instance_data.len();
+        per_frame_state.rect_data.append(&mut rect_instance_data);
+
+        Some(LayerState { start_offset, len })
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn finalize_per_frame_state(
+        per_frame_state: &mut PerFrameState,
+        device: &Device,
+        device_lost: &Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    ) {
+        per_frame_state.buffer = create_buffer_init(
+            device,
+            device_lost,
+            &BufferInitDescriptor {
+                label: Some("Rect instance buffer"),
+                contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&per_frame_state.rect_data),
+                usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX,
+            },
+        )
+        .ok();
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn draw<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        render_pass: &mut RenderPass<'a>,
+        layer_state: &LayerState,
+        per_frame_state: &'a PerFrameState,
+    ) {
+        let Some(buffer) = per_frame_state.buffer.as_ref() else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        render_pass.set_pipeline(&self.render_pipeline);
+        render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, buffer.slice(..));
+
+        let end_offset = layer_state.start_offset + layer_state.len;
+        render_pass.draw_indexed(
+            0..resources::quad::INDICES.len() as u32,
+            0,
+            layer_state.start_offset as u32..end_offset as u32,
+        );
+    }
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/renderer/util.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+use std::sync::{
+    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+    Arc,
+};
+
+use wgpu::{
+    util::BufferInitDescriptor, Buffer, BufferAddress, BufferDescriptor, Device,
+    COPY_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT,
+};
+
+use super::Error;
+
+/// Calls the provided function, capturing and returning any validation errors
+/// detected by wgpu.
+#[must_use]
+pub fn with_error_scope<T>(
+    device: &wgpu::Device,
+    callback: impl FnOnce() -> T,
+) -> (T, Option<Error>) {
+    let error_scope = device.push_error_scope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+    let ret = callback();
+    // On native platforms, the future returned by `pop_error_scope` resolves
+    // immediately.  On wasm, it may take longer due to asynchronous browser
+    // APIs, but it's necessary to wait here to know if it is safe to continue.
+    let error_future = error_scope.pop();
+    cfg_if::cfg_if! {
+        if #[cfg(target_family = "wasm")] {
+            let error = crate::r#async::block_on(error_future);
+        } else {
+            use futures::FutureExt;
+            let error = error_future.now_or_never().expect("always resolves immediately");
+        }
+    }
+    (ret, error.map(Into::into))
+}
+
+/// Creates a buffer and initializes it with data, synchronously returning an
+/// error if the buffer could not be created successfully.
+///
+/// This is adapted from [`wgpu::util::DeviceExt::create_buffer_init`], with
+/// added logic to check for and return errors from the underlying buffer
+/// creation.
+pub fn create_buffer_init(
+    device: &Device,
+    device_lost: &Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    descriptor: &BufferInitDescriptor<'_>,
+) -> Result<Buffer, super::Error> {
+    // Skip mapping if the buffer is zero sized
+    if descriptor.contents.is_empty() {
+        let wgt_descriptor = BufferDescriptor {
+            label: descriptor.label,
+            size: 0,
+            usage: descriptor.usage,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        };
+
+        create_buffer(device, &wgt_descriptor)
+    } else {
+        let unpadded_size = descriptor.contents.len() as BufferAddress;
+        // Valid vulkan usage is
+        // 1. buffer size must be a multiple of COPY_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT.
+        // 2. buffer size must be greater than 0.
+        // Therefore we round the value up to the nearest multiple, and ensure it's at least COPY_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT.
+        let align_mask = COPY_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT - 1;
+        let padded_size = ((unpadded_size + align_mask) & !align_mask).max(COPY_BUFFER_ALIGNMENT);
+
+        let wgt_descriptor = BufferDescriptor {
+            label: descriptor.label,
+            size: padded_size,
+            usage: descriptor.usage,
+            mapped_at_creation: true,
+        };
+
+        let buffer = create_buffer(device, &wgt_descriptor)?;
+
+        if device_lost.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+            return Err(super::Error::DeviceLost);
+        }
+
+        buffer
+            .slice(..)
+            .get_mapped_range_mut()
+            .slice(..unpadded_size as usize)
+            .copy_from_slice(descriptor.contents);
+        buffer.unmap();
+
+        Ok(buffer)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a buffer using the given device and descriptor, synchronously
+/// returning an error if the buffer could not be created successfully.
+fn create_buffer(device: &Device, desc: &BufferDescriptor<'_>) -> Result<Buffer, Error> {
+    let (buffer, error) = with_error_scope(device, || device.create_buffer(desc));
+
+    match error {
+        Some(error) => {
+            log::warn!("Failed to create wgpu::Buffer: {error:#}");
+            Err(error)
+        }
+        None => Ok(buffer),
+    }
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/resources.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,917 @@
+pub mod quad;
+pub mod uniforms;
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::sync::{
+    atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+    Arc,
+};
+
+use crate::rendering::OnGPUDeviceSelected;
+use crate::windowing;
+use crate::{r#async::block_on, rendering::GPUPowerPreference};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use lazy_static::lazy_static;
+use pathfinder_geometry::vector::Vector2F;
+use thiserror::Error;
+use version_compare::Version;
+use warpui_core::rendering::{GPUBackend, GPUDeviceInfo, GPUDeviceType};
+use wgpu::{
+    Adapter, Backend, CompositeAlphaMode, CurrentSurfaceTexture, Device, DeviceType, PresentMode,
+    Queue, Surface, SurfaceConfiguration,
+};
+
+/// A mostly-arbitrary value to use as the height/width of a surface when
+/// creating a default surface configuration.
+///
+/// 4 was chosen here because sometimes drivers care that things are a
+/// multiple of 2 or 4, so this seemed like a safe choice, while being
+/// small enough that any buffers that get allocated are tiny and quick to
+/// create and destroy.
+const SURFACE_SIZE_FOR_TESTING: u32 = 4;
+
+lazy_static! {
+    /// The minimum supported driver version for lavapipe, the Vulkan version
+    /// of Mesa's llvmpipe software renderer.
+    ///
+    /// While lavapipe is theoretically Vulkan 1.3 compatible starting in version
+    /// 22.1.2, in practice, Warp windows don't render properly until 24.0.2.
+    static ref MIN_SUPPORTED_LAVAPIPE_VERSION: Version<'static> = Version::from("24.0.2")
+        .expect("should not fail to parse version");
+
+    /// The minimum supported driver version for Vulkan-backed Intel UHD integrated graphics.
+    ///
+    /// Some issues we've seen: PLAT-744 and PLAT-599.
+    /// Mesa changelog mentions a fix for flickering on Intel UHD:
+    /// https://docs.mesa3d.org/relnotes/21.3.6.html#:~:text=Flickering%20Intel%20Uhd%20620%20Graphics
+    static ref MIN_SUPPORTED_INTEL_UHD_VERSION: Version<'static> = Version::from("21.3.6")
+        .expect("should not fail to parse version");
+
+    /// Nvidia drivers version 535 have problems with Wayland window managers, e.g. PLAT-667 and
+    /// PLAT-674.
+    static ref MIN_SUPPORTED_NVIDIA_VERSION: Version<'static> = Version::from("545")
+        .expect("should not fail to parse version");
+
+    static ref MAX_SUPPORTED_NVIDIA_VERSION_ON_WINDOWS: Version<'static> = Version::from("572")
+        .expect("should not fail to parse version");
+}
+
+/// Set of resources needed to render using wgpu.
+pub struct Resources {
+    pub device: wgpu::Device,
+    pub device_lost: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+    pub queue: Queue,
+    pub adapter: Adapter,
+    pub surface: Surface<'static>,
+    pub surface_config: RefCell<SurfaceConfiguration>,
+    pub supported_backends: Vec<wgpu::Backend>,
+    uniforms: uniforms::Uniforms,
+    quad: quad::Resources,
+}
+
+impl Resources {
+    /// Attempts to construct a new instance of [`Resources`] via the provided `window_handle`.
+    pub fn new(
+        window_handle: impl Into<wgpu::SurfaceTarget<'static>> + wgpu::rwh::HasDisplayHandle,
+        gpu_power_preference: GPUPowerPreference,
+        backend_preference: Option<wgpu::Backend>,
+        on_gpu_device_selected: &OnGPUDeviceSelected,
+        initial_surface_size: Vector2F,
+        downrank_non_nvidia_vulkan_adapters: bool,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let windowing_system = window_handle.display_handle()?.as_raw().try_into().ok();
+
+        let instance = super::get_wgpu_instance();
+        let surface = instance.create_surface(window_handle)?;
+
+        let backends = super::wgpu_backend_options();
+        // All of the WGPU initialization functions are asynchronous. For simplicity while
+        // prototyping, we just use `block_on` to force them to be synchronous.
+        block_on(async {
+            let (adapter, device, queue, surface_config, supported_backends) = select_adapter(
+                &instance,
+                &surface,
+                backends,
+                backend_preference,
+                gpu_power_preference,
+                initial_surface_size,
+                windowing_system,
+                downrank_non_nvidia_vulkan_adapters,
+            )
+            .await
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("No usable wgpu adapter was found"))?;
+            let adapter_info = adapter.get_info();
+
+            log::info!(
+                "Using {:?} {:?} ({}) for rendering new window.",
+                adapter_info.backend,
+                adapter_info.device_type,
+                adapter_info.name,
+            );
+
+            on_gpu_device_selected(device_info_from_adapter_info(adapter_info));
+
+            let uniforms = uniforms::Uniforms::new(&device);
+            let quad = quad::Resources::new(&device);
+
+            let device_lost = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
+
+            let device_lost_clone = device_lost.clone();
+            device.set_device_lost_callback(move |device_lost_reason, message| {
+                device_lost_clone.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                log::warn!("The current device is lost. Reason: {device_lost_reason:?}. Message: {message}")
+            });
+
+            Ok(Self {
+                device,
+                device_lost,
+                queue,
+                adapter,
+                surface,
+                surface_config: surface_config.into(),
+                supported_backends: supported_backends.into_iter().collect(),
+                uniforms,
+                quad,
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn uniform_bind_group_layout(&self) -> &wgpu::BindGroupLayout {
+        self.uniforms.bind_group_layout()
+    }
+
+    pub fn configure_render_pass<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        render_pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass<'a>,
+        drawable_size: Vector2F,
+    ) {
+        self.uniforms
+            .configure_render_pass(render_pass, drawable_size, self);
+        self.quad.configure_render_pass(render_pass);
+    }
+
+    /// Updates the size of the underlying surface.
+    pub fn update_surface_size(&self, size: Vector2F) -> Result<(), SurfaceConfigureError> {
+        if size.x() > 0. && size.y() > 0. {
+            let mut surface_config = self.surface_config.borrow_mut();
+            surface_config.width = size.x() as u32;
+            surface_config.height = size.y() as u32;
+            block_on(configure_surface(
+                &self.surface,
+                &self.device,
+                &surface_config,
+            ))
+        } else {
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the next surface texture to render to.
+    pub fn get_surface_texture(&self) -> Result<wgpu::SurfaceTexture, GetSurfaceTextureError> {
+        let Resources {
+            surface,
+            device,
+            surface_config,
+            ..
+        } = self;
+
+        let error = match get_surface_texture(surface) {
+            Ok(texture) => return Ok(texture),
+            Err(error) => error,
+        };
+
+        log::warn!("Encountered error while getting the next swap chain texture: {error:#}");
+        match error {
+            GetSurfaceTextureError::Timeout
+            | GetSurfaceTextureError::Validation
+            | GetSurfaceTextureError::Occluded
+            | GetSurfaceTextureError::ConfigurationError(_) => {
+                // Skip this frame and hope it resolves itself by the next one.
+                log::info!("Skipping rendering the current frame...");
+                Err(error)
+            }
+            GetSurfaceTextureError::Lost | GetSurfaceTextureError::Outdated => {
+                block_on(configure_surface(surface, device, &surface_config.borrow()))
+                    .map_err(GetSurfaceTextureError::ConfigurationError)?;
+
+                match get_surface_texture(surface) {
+                    Ok(texture) => {
+                        log::info!("Successfully recreated the swap chain");
+                        Ok(texture)
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        log::warn!("Failed to recreate the swap chain: {e:#}");
+                        Err(e)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn device_info_from_adapter_info(adapter_info: wgpu::AdapterInfo) -> GPUDeviceInfo {
+    let device_type = match adapter_info.device_type {
+        DeviceType::Other => GPUDeviceType::Other,
+        DeviceType::IntegratedGpu => GPUDeviceType::IntegratedGpu,
+        DeviceType::DiscreteGpu => GPUDeviceType::DiscreteGpu,
+        DeviceType::VirtualGpu => GPUDeviceType::VirtualGpu,
+        DeviceType::Cpu => GPUDeviceType::Cpu,
+    };
+    let backend = match adapter_info.backend {
+        Backend::Noop => GPUBackend::Empty,
+        Backend::Vulkan => GPUBackend::Vulkan,
+        Backend::Metal => GPUBackend::Metal,
+        Backend::Dx12 => GPUBackend::Dx12,
+        Backend::Gl => GPUBackend::Gl,
+        Backend::BrowserWebGpu => GPUBackend::BrowserWebGpu,
+    };
+    GPUDeviceInfo {
+        device_type,
+        device_name: adapter_info.name,
+        driver_name: adapter_info.driver,
+        driver_info: adapter_info.driver_info,
+        backend,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Selects the adapter to use to render to the given surface.
+///
+/// The adapter is selected from the set of adapters that support the given
+/// backends, and priority is determined by the power preference.
+///
+/// This is inspired by the implementation of `request_adapter` in `wgpu_core`:
+/// https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/blob/badb3c88ea29acb159d333e2f60b1cc305bbd512/wgpu-core/src/instance.rs#L857
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+#[cfg_attr(target_family = "wasm", allow(unused_variables))]
+async fn select_adapter(
+    instance: &wgpu::Instance,
+    surface: &wgpu::Surface<'static>,
+    backends: wgpu::Backends,
+    backend_preference: Option<wgpu::Backend>,
+    gpu_power_preference: GPUPowerPreference,
+    initial_surface_size: Vector2F,
+    windowing_system: Option<windowing::System>,
+    downrank_non_nvidia_vulkan_adapters: bool,
+) -> Option<(
+    Adapter,
+    Device,
+    Queue,
+    SurfaceConfiguration,
+    HashSet<wgpu::Backend>,
+)> {
+    cfg_if::cfg_if! {
+        if #[cfg(target_family = "wasm")] {
+            let power_preference = match gpu_power_preference {
+                GPUPowerPreference::LowPower => wgpu::PowerPreference::LowPower,
+                GPUPowerPreference::HighPerformance => wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
+            };
+            let request_adapter_options = wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions {
+                power_preference,
+                force_fallback_adapter: false,
+                compatible_surface: Some(surface),
+            };
+
+            let adapter = instance.request_adapter(&request_adapter_options).await.ok()?;
+            let adapters = [adapter].into_iter();
+        } else {
+            let adapters = instance
+                .enumerate_adapters(backends)
+                .await
+                .into_iter();
+            }
+    }
+
+    log::info!("Enabled wgpu backends: {backends:?}");
+
+    log::info!("Available wgpu adapters (in priority order):");
+
+    let sorted_adapters = sort_adapters(
+        adapters.collect(),
+        backend_preference,
+        &gpu_power_preference,
+        windowing_system,
+        downrank_non_nvidia_vulkan_adapters,
+    );
+
+    let adapters = sorted_adapters
+        // Filter out any unsupported adapters and log information about each one.
+        .filter(|adapter| is_supported_adapter(adapter, surface))
+        // While we don't strictly need to collect the iterator into a vector,
+        // this ensures we log adapter information for all adapters.  (Omitting
+        // this means the iterator is lazily evaluated, and we'll only print
+        // adapter information up until the point where we find a working one.)
+        .collect_vec();
+
+    let supported_backends = adapters
+        .iter()
+        .map(|adapter| adapter.get_info().backend)
+        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+
+    for adapter in adapters {
+        if let Some((device, queue, surface_config)) =
+            initialize_device(&adapter, surface, initial_surface_size).await
+        {
+            return Some((adapter, device, queue, surface_config, supported_backends));
+        }
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+/// Sorts adapters according to user preference, stability, and performance.
+///
+/// All sorts performed here should be stable, ensuring that the relative ordering of previous
+/// sorting steps is preserved.
+pub(super) fn sort_adapters(
+    adapters: Vec<wgpu::Adapter>,
+    backend_preference: Option<wgpu::Backend>,
+    gpu_power_preference: &GPUPowerPreference,
+    windowing_system: Option<windowing::System>,
+    downrank_non_nvidia_vulkan_adapters: bool,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = wgpu::Adapter> {
+    adapters
+        .into_iter()
+        // Sort adapters by backend priority.
+        .sorted_by_cached_key(|adapter| adapter_backend_sort_func(adapter, backend_preference))
+        .sorted_by_cached_key(adapter_supported_features)
+        // Sort adapters based on low/high power preferences.
+        .sorted_by_cached_key(power_preference_adapter_sort_func(gpu_power_preference))
+        // Sort adapters that we know have some issues towards the end of the list.
+        .sorted_by_cached_key(|adapter| {
+            adapter_stability_sort_func(
+                adapter,
+                windowing_system,
+                downrank_non_nvidia_vulkan_adapters,
+            )
+        })
+}
+
+/// Returns whether or not a particular adapter is supported and can be used
+/// for rendering.
+fn is_supported_adapter(adapter: &wgpu::Adapter, surface: &wgpu::Surface) -> bool {
+    let can_present = adapter.is_surface_supported(surface);
+
+    let supported_texture_format = surface
+        .get_default_config(adapter, SURFACE_SIZE_FOR_TESTING, SURFACE_SIZE_FOR_TESTING)
+        .map(|config| config.format);
+    let supported_alpha_modes = surface.get_capabilities(adapter).alpha_modes;
+
+    // Log information about the adapter (to assist with debugging).
+    let info = adapter.get_info();
+    let device_type = &info.device_type;
+    let device_name = &info.name;
+    let backend = &info.backend;
+    let driver = if info.driver.is_empty() {
+        "Unknown"
+    } else {
+        &info.driver
+    };
+    let driver_info = if info.driver_info.is_empty() {
+        String::new()
+    } else {
+        format!(" ({})", info.driver_info)
+    };
+    log::info!("{device_type:?}: {device_name}\n\tBackend: {backend:?}\n\tDriver: {driver}{driver_info}\n\tCan present: {can_present}\n\tSupported texture format: {supported_texture_format:?}\n\tSupported alpha mode: {supported_alpha_modes:?}");
+
+    can_present && supported_texture_format.is_some()
+}
+
+/// Encode levels of preference for graphics adapters based on features they enable. This takes
+/// precedence under the "GPU power preference".
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
+enum AdapterFeatureSet {
+    /// No features are hindered by what this adapter supports.
+    Full = 0,
+    /// Some non-critical features not supported by the adapter.
+    MissingMinorFeatures = 1,
+}
+
+fn adapter_supported_features(adapter: &Adapter) -> AdapterFeatureSet {
+    if adapter_has_rendering_offset_bug(&adapter.get_info()) {
+        log::warn!("Deprioritizing OpenGL-backed Intel UHD adapter");
+        AdapterFeatureSet::MissingMinorFeatures
+    } else {
+        AdapterFeatureSet::Full
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_nvidia_adapter(adapter_info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo) -> bool {
+    adapter_info.driver == "NVIDIA"
+}
+
+fn is_vulkan_nvidia_adapter(adapter_info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo) -> bool {
+    // Only consider Vulkan adapters using the Nvidia driver.
+    adapter_info.backend == wgpu::Backend::Vulkan && is_nvidia_adapter(adapter_info)
+}
+
+/// Returns whether or not the provided adapter is an unsupported Nvidia driver version for warpui
+/// to render properly.
+fn is_older_nvidia_adapter(adapter_info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo) -> bool {
+    if !is_vulkan_nvidia_adapter(adapter_info) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let Some(version) = Version::from(&adapter_info.driver_info) else {
+        // Log an error so we know this occurred and can improve the logic as-needed.
+        log::error!(
+            "Unable to parse Vulkan-backed Nvidia adapter version {:?}; de-prioritizing out of an \
+            abundance of caution.",
+            adapter_info.driver_info
+        );
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    version < *MIN_SUPPORTED_NVIDIA_VERSION
+}
+
+/// Returns whether this adapter is a newer Windows NVIDIA adapter using a non-DX12 backend.
+/// On NVIDIA drivers 572 and later, the default value of "auto" for the "Vulkan / OpenGL Present
+/// Method" can cause crashes when creating multiple windows, so we downrank it.
+fn is_newer_nondx12_nvidia_adapter_on_windows(adapter_info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo) -> bool {
+    if !cfg!(windows) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if !is_nvidia_adapter(adapter_info) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if adapter_info.backend == Backend::Dx12 {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let Some(version) = Version::from(&adapter_info.driver_info) else {
+        // Log an error so we know this occurred and can improve the logic as-needed.
+        log::error!(
+            "Unable to parse Nvidia adapter version {:?} adapter_info.driver_info",
+            adapter_info.driver_info
+        );
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    version >= *MAX_SUPPORTED_NVIDIA_VERSION_ON_WINDOWS
+}
+
+/// Returns whether this adapter is the integrated OpenGL driver for Windows running in Parallels.
+/// It caused problems with theme background images.
+/// https://linear.app/warpdotdev/issue/CORE-3692/background-images-broken-in-parallels
+fn is_gl_to_metal_adapter_on_windows_in_parallels(adapter_info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo) -> bool {
+    cfg!(windows)
+        && adapter_info.backend == Backend::Gl
+        && adapter_info.device_type == DeviceType::IntegratedGpu
+        && adapter_info.driver_info.to_lowercase().contains("metal")
+        && adapter_info.name.to_lowercase().starts_with("parallels")
+}
+
+/// Returns whether or not the provided adapter is an unsupported Intel UHD Mesa driver version for
+/// warpui to render properly. Currently, we limit this to "Intel UHD Graphics 620", but we do have
+/// some suspicion that more Intel UHD devices are affected, e.g. PLAT-599 has a "Intel(R) UHD
+/// Graphics (TGL GT1)" user seeing the exact same issue.
+fn is_older_vulkan_intel_uhd_adapter(adapter_info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo) -> bool {
+    if adapter_info.backend != wgpu::Backend::Vulkan
+        || adapter_info.device_type != wgpu::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu
+        || !adapter_info.name.contains("Intel(R) HD Graphics 620")
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    mesa_driver_version_is_below_minimum(
+        &adapter_info.driver_info,
+        &MIN_SUPPORTED_INTEL_UHD_VERSION,
+    )
+}
+
+/// Returns true if this is:
+/// 1) An Intel UHD 620 Graphics device
+/// 2) Using the Vulkan backend
+/// 3) On Windows
+///
+/// We have indication that this specific device is unstable on Windows so we ignore it in the
+/// hopes that there is a DX12 or GL version of this adapter that is more stable.
+fn is_intel_uhd_620_adapter_on_windows_with_vulkan_backend(
+    adapter_info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo,
+) -> bool {
+    cfg!(windows)
+        && adapter_info.backend == Backend::Vulkan
+        && adapter_info.device_type == DeviceType::IntegratedGpu
+        && (adapter_info.name.contains("Intel(R) UHD Graphics 620")
+            || adapter_info.name.contains("Intel(R) HD Graphics 620"))
+}
+
+/// Returns whether the given adapter is known to have a rendering offset bug on Windows.
+///
+/// Certain Intel integrated GPU drivers using the GL backend render the scene at an offset from
+/// the window bounds when window decorations are disabled. The offset matches the size of the
+/// window decorations (e.g. title bar height). Enabling native window decorations fixes the
+/// alignment.
+///
+/// See: https://github.com/warpdotdev/Warp/issues/6120
+pub fn adapter_has_rendering_offset_bug(adapter_info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo) -> bool {
+    if !cfg!(windows) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if adapter_info.backend != Backend::Gl || adapter_info.device_type != DeviceType::IntegratedGpu
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Known affected Intel integrated GPU models. This list is based on user reports from
+    // https://github.com/warpdotdev/Warp/issues/6120.
+    let affected_models = [
+        "Intel(R) HD Graphics 4000",
+        "Intel(R) HD Graphics 4400",
+        "Intel(R) HD Graphics 4600",
+        "Intel(R) HD Graphics 5500",
+        "Intel(R) HD Graphics P4600",
+        "Intel(R) Iris(TM) Pro Graphics 5200",
+        "Intel(R) Iris(TM) Graphics 6100",
+    ];
+
+    affected_models
+        .iter()
+        .any(|model| adapter_info.name.contains(model))
+}
+
+/// Checks whether the provided adapter info describes a lavapipe
+/// (Vulkan llvmpipe) adapter that may not work properly with warpui.
+fn is_older_lavapipe_adapter(adapter_info: &wgpu::AdapterInfo) -> bool {
+    // Only consider Vulkan adapters using the llvmpipe driver.
+    if adapter_info.backend != wgpu::Backend::Vulkan || adapter_info.driver != "llvmpipe" {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    mesa_driver_version_is_below_minimum(&adapter_info.driver_info, &MIN_SUPPORTED_LAVAPIPE_VERSION)
+}
+
+fn mesa_driver_version_is_below_minimum(info_str: &str, min_version: &Version) -> bool {
+    let &[name, version, ..] = info_str.splitn(3, ' ').collect_vec().as_slice() else {
+        // Log an error so we know this occurred and can improve the logic as-needed.
+        log::error!(
+            "Encountered Mesa driver info {info_str:?} with an unexpected format! (too few parts)"
+        );
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    // Perform an extra check that we parsed the driver info string properly.
+    if name.trim() != "Mesa" {
+        // Log an error so we know this occurred and can improve the logic as-needed.
+        log::error!(
+            "Encountered Mesa driver info {info_str:?} with an unexpected format! (name != Mesa)"
+        );
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let manifest = version_compare::Manifest {
+        // We only care about major, minor, and patch versions.
+        max_depth: Some(3),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    let Some(version) = Version::from_manifest(version, &manifest) else {
+        // Log an error so we know this occurred and can improve the logic as-needed.
+        log::error!(
+            "Unable to parse Mesa version {version:?}; de-prioritizing out of an abundance of caution."
+        );
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    version < *min_version
+}
+
+/// Creates a device and command queue for the given adapter that is guaranteed
+/// to be able to create a swapchain for the surface.
+async fn initialize_device(
+    adapter: &Adapter,
+    surface: &Surface<'static>,
+    initial_surface_size: Vector2F,
+) -> Option<(Device, Queue, SurfaceConfiguration)> {
+    log::info!(
+        "Verifying adapter \"{}\" is valid...",
+        adapter.get_info().name
+    );
+
+    // `Limits::downlevel_webgl2_defaults` gives very conservative defaults. We want to keep these
+    // limits low in order to make sure we remain compatible with lower-end devices. One exception
+    // to this is sizes of textures. `using_resolution` increases the size limits on textures. We
+    // need this because users' displays often exceed the downleveled default limits of 2048px.
+    // Here, we increase that to the ceiling of what this adapter is capable of.
+    let mut limits = wgpu::Limits::downlevel_webgl2_defaults().using_resolution(adapter.limits());
+    // Set a higher minimum number of variables that can be passed between shader stages.
+    limits.max_inter_stage_shader_variables = 15;
+
+    limits.max_mesh_output_layers = 0;
+
+    let (device, queue) = match adapter
+        .request_device(&wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
+            // Use the broadest/most permissive device requirements
+            // so that we can run on as many machines as possible.
+            // If we use any WGSL features that aren't included in
+            // these defaults, we can add specific overrides as needed.
+            required_limits: limits,
+            ..Default::default()
+        })
+        .await
+    {
+        Ok(device_and_queue) => device_and_queue,
+        Err(err) => {
+            log::warn!("Failed to create a logical device: {err:#}");
+            return None;
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Ensure that we're able to create a swapchain before we treat the device
+    // as valid.
+    let Some(surface_config) = create_surface_config(adapter, surface, initial_surface_size) else {
+        log::warn!("Failed to get default surface configuration");
+        return None;
+    };
+
+    match configure_surface(surface, &device, &surface_config).await {
+        Ok(_) => Some((device, queue, surface_config)),
+        Err(err) => {
+            log::warn!("Failed to create swapchain: {err:#}");
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns a priority for an adapter based on backend type, to be used as a
+/// sort function.
+///
+/// This matches the order used by wgpu; see:
+/// https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/blob/v0.18/wgpu-core/src/instance.rs#L869-L913
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn adapter_backend_sort_func(
+    adapter: &wgpu::Adapter,
+    backend_preference: Option<wgpu::Backend>,
+) -> usize {
+    let backend = adapter.get_info().backend;
+    if backend_preference.is_some_and(|pref| pref == backend) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    match backend {
+        wgpu::Backend::Vulkan => 1,
+        wgpu::Backend::Metal => 2,
+        wgpu::Backend::Dx12 => 3,
+        wgpu::Backend::BrowserWebGpu => 4,
+        wgpu::Backend::Gl => 5,
+        wgpu::Backend::Noop => 6,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns a priority for an adapter based on backend type, to be used as a
+/// sort function.
+///
+/// This prioritizes DX12 on Windows which is more reliable. See this issue:
+/// https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/issues/2719
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn adapter_backend_sort_func(
+    adapter: &wgpu::Adapter,
+    backend_preference: Option<wgpu::Backend>,
+) -> usize {
+    let backend = adapter.get_info().backend;
+    if backend_preference.is_some_and(|pref| pref == backend) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    match backend {
+        // On Windows, we prefer DirectX 12 over Vulkan.  Given that no other
+        // platform supports DX12 at all, there's no need to condition this
+        // ranking on OS.
+        wgpu::Backend::Dx12 => 1,
+        wgpu::Backend::Vulkan => 2,
+        wgpu::Backend::Gl => 3,
+        wgpu::Backend::Metal => 4,
+        wgpu::Backend::BrowserWebGpu => 5,
+        wgpu::Backend::Noop => 6,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns a priority for an adapter based on our expectations of its
+/// stability.
+///
+/// This should be used to deprioritize adapters where they _may not_
+/// work, but we're not so confident that they are broken that we fully filter
+/// them out.  Ultimately, if the user only has one adapter, it's better for
+/// us to attempt to use it than for us to give up without trying.
+fn adapter_stability_sort_func(
+    adapter: &wgpu::Adapter,
+    windowing_system: Option<windowing::System>,
+    downrank_non_nvidia_vulkan_adapters: bool,
+) -> AdapterSupport {
+    let adapter_info = adapter.get_info();
+
+    let window_server_is_wayland = matches!(
+        windowing_system,
+        Some(windowing::System::Wayland) | Some(windowing::System::X11 { is_x_wayland: true })
+    );
+
+    if downrank_non_nvidia_vulkan_adapters
+        && adapter_info.backend == Backend::Vulkan
+        && !is_vulkan_nvidia_adapter(&adapter_info)
+    {
+        log::info!("Deprioritizing non-NVIDIA Vulkan adapter (the PRIME performance profile is likely enabled)");
+        return AdapterSupport::Unsupported;
+    }
+
+    if is_intel_uhd_620_adapter_on_windows_with_vulkan_backend(&adapter_info) {
+        log::warn!("Deprioritizing Vulkan-backed Intel UHD 620 adapter");
+        return AdapterSupport::SupportedWithIssues;
+    }
+
+    if is_older_vulkan_intel_uhd_adapter(&adapter_info) {
+        log::warn!(
+            "Deprioritizing Vulkan-backed Intel UHD adapter due to Mesa < {} (unsupported)",
+            *MIN_SUPPORTED_INTEL_UHD_VERSION
+        );
+        AdapterSupport::SupportedWithIssues
+    }
+    // Deprioritize older lavapipe adapters where we have evidence that they are less stable.
+    else if is_older_lavapipe_adapter(&adapter_info) {
+        log::warn!(
+            "Deprioritizing Vulkan-backed llvmpipe adapter due to Mesa < {} (unsupported)",
+            *MIN_SUPPORTED_LAVAPIPE_VERSION
+        );
+        AdapterSupport::Unsupported
+    // Same with Nvidia drivers, though this is only an issue with a Wayland window server.
+    } else if window_server_is_wayland && is_older_nvidia_adapter(&adapter_info) {
+        log::warn!(
+            "Deprioritizing Vulkan-backed Nvidia adapter due to version < {} (unsupported).\nSee \
+            the \"Graphics\" secion of our docs here: \
+            https://docs.warp.dev/help/known-issues#linux-1",
+            *MIN_SUPPORTED_NVIDIA_VERSION
+        );
+        AdapterSupport::Unsupported
+    } else if is_newer_nondx12_nvidia_adapter_on_windows(&adapter_info) {
+        log::warn!(
+            "Deprioritizing non DX12 Nvidia adapter due to version > {} (unsupported). Newer NVIDIA \
+            drivers can crash if multiple windows are created if the `Vulkan / OpenGL Present Method\
+             NVIDIA setting is set to `Auto` or `Prefer layered on DXGI Swapchain`.",
+            *MAX_SUPPORTED_NVIDIA_VERSION_ON_WINDOWS
+        );
+        AdapterSupport::SupportedWithIssues
+    } else if is_gl_to_metal_adapter_on_windows_in_parallels(&adapter_info) {
+        log::warn!("Deprioritizing integrated OpenGL Windows Parallels adapter.");
+        AdapterSupport::SupportedWithIssues
+    } else {
+        AdapterSupport::Supported
+    }
+}
+
+/// Encode levels of preference for graphics adapters based on application stability. This takes
+/// precedence over the "GPU power preference". We've seen varying severities of graphics issues on
+/// Linux and Windows.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
+enum AdapterSupport {
+    /// The adapter has no known issues.
+    Supported = 0,
+    /// The adapter is somewhat usable, but there have been some problems.
+    SupportedWithIssues = 1,
+    /// The adapter is basically not viable. Warpui will either crash or not render.
+    Unsupported = 2,
+}
+
+/// Returns a function that computes the priority for an adapter based on
+/// device type, to be used as a sort function.
+///
+/// This matches the order used by wgpu; see:
+/// https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/blob/v0.18/wgpu-core/src/instance.rs#L953-L954
+fn power_preference_adapter_sort_func(
+    pref: &GPUPowerPreference,
+) -> impl FnMut(&wgpu::Adapter) -> usize {
+    match pref {
+        GPUPowerPreference::LowPower => {
+            |adapter: &wgpu::Adapter| match adapter.get_info().device_type {
+                wgpu::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu => 0,
+                wgpu::DeviceType::DiscreteGpu => 1,
+                wgpu::DeviceType::Other => 2,
+                wgpu::DeviceType::VirtualGpu => 3,
+                wgpu::DeviceType::Cpu => 4,
+            }
+        }
+        GPUPowerPreference::HighPerformance => {
+            |adapter: &wgpu::Adapter| match adapter.get_info().device_type {
+                wgpu::DeviceType::DiscreteGpu => 0,
+                wgpu::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu => 1,
+                wgpu::DeviceType::Other => 2,
+                wgpu::DeviceType::VirtualGpu => 3,
+                wgpu::DeviceType::Cpu => 4,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn create_surface_config(
+    adapter: &Adapter,
+    surface: &Surface,
+    initial_surface_size: Vector2F,
+) -> Option<SurfaceConfiguration> {
+    let mut config = surface.get_default_config(
+        adapter,
+        initial_surface_size.x() as u32,
+        initial_surface_size.y() as u32,
+    )?;
+    // Make sure we're not using an sRGB format.
+    config.format = config.format.remove_srgb_suffix();
+
+    let caps = surface.get_capabilities(adapter);
+    // COPY_SRC is only needed to support integration test frame capture via
+    // request_frame_capture. It is not required for normal rendering.
+    #[cfg(feature = "integration_tests")]
+    if caps.usages.contains(wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC) {
+        config.usage |= wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC;
+    }
+
+    // Use a non-vsync presentation mode for reduced input delay.  This could
+    // cause visual tearing on present, but we're ok with paying that cost to
+    // improve responsiveness.
+    config.present_mode = PresentMode::AutoNoVsync;
+
+    // Explicitly request a non-opaque alpha compositing mode, if available.
+    // Without this, transparent surfaces don't work on native Wayland.
+    if caps
+        .alpha_modes
+        .contains(&CompositeAlphaMode::PostMultiplied)
+        && adapter.get_info().backend != wgpu::Backend::Dx12
+    {
+        config.alpha_mode = CompositeAlphaMode::PostMultiplied;
+    } else if caps
+        .alpha_modes
+        .contains(&CompositeAlphaMode::PreMultiplied)
+    {
+        config.alpha_mode = CompositeAlphaMode::PreMultiplied;
+    } else if caps.alpha_modes.contains(&CompositeAlphaMode::Inherit) {
+        config.alpha_mode = CompositeAlphaMode::Inherit;
+    } else {
+        config.alpha_mode = CompositeAlphaMode::Auto;
+    }
+
+    Some(config)
+}
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum GetSurfaceTextureError {
+    #[error("Timeout while getting next surface texture")]
+    Timeout,
+    #[error("Window is occluded and cannot be presented to")]
+    Occluded,
+    #[error("Surface configuration outdated")]
+    Outdated,
+    #[error("Device lost")]
+    Lost,
+    #[error("Validation error")]
+    Validation,
+    #[error("Failed to configure surface")]
+    ConfigurationError(SurfaceConfigureError),
+}
+
+fn get_surface_texture(
+    surface: &Surface<'_>,
+) -> Result<wgpu::SurfaceTexture, GetSurfaceTextureError> {
+    let error = match surface.get_current_texture() {
+        CurrentSurfaceTexture::Success(texture) | CurrentSurfaceTexture::Suboptimal(texture) => {
+            return Ok(texture)
+        }
+        CurrentSurfaceTexture::Timeout => GetSurfaceTextureError::Timeout,
+        CurrentSurfaceTexture::Occluded => GetSurfaceTextureError::Occluded,
+        CurrentSurfaceTexture::Outdated => GetSurfaceTextureError::Outdated,
+        CurrentSurfaceTexture::Lost => GetSurfaceTextureError::Lost,
+        CurrentSurfaceTexture::Validation => GetSurfaceTextureError::Validation,
+    };
+    Err(error)
+}
+
+/// Represents an error that occurred when configuring a surface.
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum SurfaceConfigureError {
+    #[error("Failed to configure surface: {source:#}\n\nDesired configuration: {config:#?}")]
+    Error {
+        /// The underlying error.
+        #[source]
+        source: wgpu::Error,
+        /// The desired configuration.
+        config: SurfaceConfiguration,
+    },
+}
+
+/// Configures the provided surface.
+async fn configure_surface(
+    surface: &Surface<'_>,
+    device: &Device,
+    surface_config: &SurfaceConfiguration,
+) -> Result<(), SurfaceConfigureError> {
+    let error_scope = device.push_error_scope(wgpu::ErrorFilter::Validation);
+    surface.configure(device, surface_config);
+    match error_scope.pop().await {
+        Some(err) => Err(SurfaceConfigureError::Error {
+            source: err,
+            config: surface_config.clone(),
+        }),
+        None => Ok(()),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[path = "resources_tests.rs"]
+mod tests;

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/resources/quad.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use wgpu::{
+    util::{BufferInitDescriptor, DeviceExt},
+    Buffer, RenderPass,
+};
+
+use crate::rendering::wgpu::shader_types;
+
+/// The vertex buffer slot used for quad vertex data.
+const VERTEX_BUFFER_SLOT: u32 = 0;
+
+/// Ordered list of indices in the [`VERTICES`] array to be used as part of an index buffer.
+pub(in crate::rendering::wgpu) const INDICES: &[u16] = &[0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1];
+
+/// List of vertex positions in normalized device coordinates (NDC) that are used when rendering.
+/// Similar to our metal renderer, we hardcode a list of vertices for each rect we render, and then
+/// determine the actual position of the rect in NDC within the vertex shader.
+const VERTICES: &[shader_types::Vertex] = &[
+    shader_types::Vertex {
+        position: shader_types::vec2f(0.0, 0.0),
+    },
+    shader_types::Vertex {
+        position: shader_types::vec2f(1.0, 0.0),
+    },
+    shader_types::Vertex {
+        position: shader_types::vec2f(0.0, 1.0),
+    },
+    shader_types::Vertex {
+        position: shader_types::vec2f(1.0, 1.0),
+    },
+];
+
+pub(super) struct Resources {
+    index_buffer: Buffer,
+    vertex_buffer: Buffer,
+}
+
+impl Resources {
+    pub fn new(device: &wgpu::Device) -> Self {
+        let index_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&BufferInitDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Quad Index Buffer"),
+            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(INDICES),
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::INDEX,
+        });
+
+        let vertex_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&BufferInitDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Quad Vertex Buffer"),
+            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(VERTICES),
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX,
+        });
+
+        Self {
+            index_buffer,
+            vertex_buffer,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn configure_render_pass<'a>(&'a self, render_pass: &mut RenderPass<'a>) {
+        render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(VERTEX_BUFFER_SLOT, self.vertex_buffer.slice(..));
+        render_pass.set_index_buffer(self.index_buffer.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16);
+    }
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/resources/uniforms.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+use std::mem;
+
+use pathfinder_geometry::vector::Vector2F;
+use wgpu::{BindGroup, BindGroupLayout, Buffer};
+
+use crate::rendering::wgpu::{shader_types, Resources};
+
+pub(super) struct Uniforms {
+    bind_group_layout: BindGroupLayout,
+    bind_group: BindGroup,
+    buffer: Buffer,
+}
+
+impl Uniforms {
+    pub fn new(device: &wgpu::Device) -> Self {
+        let bind_group_layout = device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Quad Uniforms Bind Group Layout"),
+            entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                binding: 0,
+                visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::VERTEX,
+                ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
+                    ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                    has_dynamic_offset: false,
+                    min_binding_size: wgpu::BufferSize::new(
+                        mem::size_of::<shader_types::Uniforms>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+                    ),
+                },
+                count: None,
+            }],
+        });
+
+        let buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Uniforms buffer"),
+            size: mem::size_of::<shader_types::Uniforms>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        });
+
+        let bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Uniforms Bind Group"),
+            layout: &bind_group_layout,
+            entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                binding: 0,
+                resource: buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+            }],
+        });
+
+        Self {
+            bind_group_layout,
+            bind_group,
+            buffer,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn bind_group_layout(&self) -> &BindGroupLayout {
+        &self.bind_group_layout
+    }
+
+    pub fn configure_render_pass<'a>(
+        &'a self,
+        render_pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass<'a>,
+        drawable_size: Vector2F,
+        resources: &Resources,
+    ) {
+        let uniforms = shader_types::Uniforms::new(drawable_size);
+        resources
+            .queue
+            .write_buffer(&self.buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(&[uniforms]));
+        render_pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.bind_group, &[]);
+    }
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/resources_tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_is_unsupported_llvmpipe_adapter() {
+    let supported_adapter_info = wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+        name: "llvmpipe (LLVM 17.0.6, 256 bits)".to_owned(),
+        // not used
+        vendor: 0,
+        // not used
+        device: 0,
+        device_type: wgpu::DeviceType::Cpu,
+        driver: "llvmpipe".to_owned(),
+        driver_info: "Mesa 24.0.2-arch1.2 (LLVM 17.0.6)".to_owned(),
+        backend: wgpu::Backend::Vulkan,
+        device_pci_bus_id: "01:00.0".to_owned(),
+        subgroup_min_size: wgpu::MINIMUM_SUBGROUP_MIN_SIZE,
+        subgroup_max_size: wgpu::MAXIMUM_SUBGROUP_MAX_SIZE,
+        transient_saves_memory: false,
+    };
+    assert!(!is_older_lavapipe_adapter(&supported_adapter_info));
+
+    let unsupported_adapter_info = wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+        name: "llvmpipe (LLVM 17.0.6, 256 bits)".to_owned(),
+        // not used
+        vendor: 0,
+        // not used
+        device: 0,
+        device_type: wgpu::DeviceType::Cpu,
+        driver: "llvmpipe".to_owned(),
+        driver_info: "Mesa 23.2.1-1ubuntu3.1~22.04.2 (LLVM 15.0.7)".to_owned(),
+        backend: wgpu::Backend::Vulkan,
+        device_pci_bus_id: "01:00.0".to_owned(),
+        subgroup_min_size: wgpu::MINIMUM_SUBGROUP_MIN_SIZE,
+        subgroup_max_size: wgpu::MAXIMUM_SUBGROUP_MAX_SIZE,
+        transient_saves_memory: false,
+    };
+
+    assert!(is_older_lavapipe_adapter(&unsupported_adapter_info));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_is_unsupported_intel_uhd_adapter() {
+    assert!(is_older_vulkan_intel_uhd_adapter(&wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+        name: String::from("Intel(R) HD Graphics 620 (KBL GT2)"),
+        vendor: 0,
+        device: 0,
+        device_type: wgpu::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu,
+        driver: String::from("Intel open-source Mesa driver"),
+        driver_info: String::from("Mesa 21.2.6"),
+        backend: wgpu::Backend::Vulkan,
+        device_pci_bus_id: "01:00.0".to_owned(),
+        subgroup_min_size: wgpu::MINIMUM_SUBGROUP_MIN_SIZE,
+        subgroup_max_size: wgpu::MAXIMUM_SUBGROUP_MAX_SIZE,
+        transient_saves_memory: false,
+    }));
+    assert!(!is_older_vulkan_intel_uhd_adapter(&wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+        name: String::from("Intel(R) HD Graphics 620 (KBL GT2)"),
+        vendor: 0,
+        device: 0,
+        device_type: wgpu::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu,
+        driver: String::from("Intel open-source Mesa driver"),
+        // Version is recent enough
+        driver_info: String::from("Mesa 23.2.6"),
+        backend: wgpu::Backend::Vulkan,
+        device_pci_bus_id: "01:00.0".to_owned(),
+        subgroup_min_size: wgpu::MINIMUM_SUBGROUP_MIN_SIZE,
+        subgroup_max_size: wgpu::MAXIMUM_SUBGROUP_MAX_SIZE,
+        transient_saves_memory: false,
+    }));
+    assert!(!is_older_vulkan_intel_uhd_adapter(&wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+        name: String::from("Intel(R) HD Graphics 620 (KBL GT2)"),
+        vendor: 0,
+        device: 0,
+        device_type: wgpu::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu,
+        driver: String::from("Intel open-source Mesa driver"),
+        // Info string is messed up
+        driver_info: String::from("Mssa 21.2.6"),
+        backend: wgpu::Backend::Vulkan,
+        device_pci_bus_id: "01:00.0".to_owned(),
+        subgroup_min_size: wgpu::MINIMUM_SUBGROUP_MIN_SIZE,
+        subgroup_max_size: wgpu::MAXIMUM_SUBGROUP_MAX_SIZE,
+        transient_saves_memory: false,
+    }));
+    assert!(is_older_vulkan_intel_uhd_adapter(&wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+        name: String::from("Intel(R) HD Graphics 620 (KBL GT2)"),
+        vendor: 0,
+        device: 0,
+        device_type: wgpu::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu,
+        driver: String::from("Intel open-source Mesa driver"),
+        // Additional info should be ignored
+        driver_info: String::from("Mesa 21.2.6 foo bar"),
+        backend: wgpu::Backend::Vulkan,
+        device_pci_bus_id: "01:00.0".to_owned(),
+        subgroup_min_size: wgpu::MINIMUM_SUBGROUP_MIN_SIZE,
+        subgroup_max_size: wgpu::MAXIMUM_SUBGROUP_MAX_SIZE,
+        transient_saves_memory: false,
+    }));
+    assert!(!is_older_vulkan_intel_uhd_adapter(&wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+        name: String::from("Intel(R) HD Graphics 620 (KBL GT2)"),
+        vendor: 0,
+        device: 0,
+        device_type: wgpu::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu,
+        driver: String::from("Intel open-source Mesa driver"),
+        // No version number
+        driver_info: String::from("Mesa"),
+        backend: wgpu::Backend::Vulkan,
+        device_pci_bus_id: "01:00.0".to_owned(),
+        subgroup_min_size: wgpu::MINIMUM_SUBGROUP_MIN_SIZE,
+        subgroup_max_size: wgpu::MAXIMUM_SUBGROUP_MAX_SIZE,
+        transient_saves_memory: false,
+    }));
+    assert!(is_older_vulkan_intel_uhd_adapter(&wgpu::AdapterInfo {
+        name: String::from("Intel(R) HD Graphics 620 (KBL GT2)"),
+        vendor: 0,
+        device: 0,
+        device_type: wgpu::DeviceType::IntegratedGpu,
+        driver: String::from("Intel open-source Mesa driver"),
+        // Nonsense version string
+        driver_info: String::from("Mesa wtfis&this"),
+        backend: wgpu::Backend::Vulkan,
+        device_pci_bus_id: "01:00.0".to_owned(),
+        subgroup_min_size: wgpu::MINIMUM_SUBGROUP_MIN_SIZE,
+        subgroup_max_size: wgpu::MAXIMUM_SUBGROUP_MAX_SIZE,
+        transient_saves_memory: false,
+    }));
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/shader_types.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+use pathfinder_color::ColorU;
+use pathfinder_geometry::rect::RectF;
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub(super) struct ColorF {
+    r: f32,
+    g: f32,
+    b: f32,
+    a: f32,
+}
+
+impl From<ColorU> for ColorF {
+    fn from(coloru: ColorU) -> Self {
+        coloru.to_f32().into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<pathfinder_color::ColorF> for ColorF {
+    fn from(color: pathfinder_color::ColorF) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            r: color.r(),
+            g: color.g(),
+            b: color.b(),
+            a: color.a(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub(super) struct Vector2F {
+    x: f32,
+    y: f32,
+}
+
+pub(super) const fn vec2f(x: f32, y: f32) -> Vector2F {
+    Vector2F { x, y }
+}
+
+impl From<crate::geometry::vector::Vector2F> for Vector2F {
+    fn from(vec2f: pathfinder_geometry::vector::Vector2F) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: vec2f.x(),
+            y: vec2f.y(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub(super) struct Vector4F {
+    x: f32,
+    y: f32,
+    z: f32,
+    w: f32,
+}
+
+pub(super) const fn vec4f(x: f32, y: f32, z: f32, w: f32) -> Vector4F {
+    Vector4F { x, y, z, w }
+}
+
+impl From<pathfinder_geometry::vector::Vector4F> for Vector4F {
+    fn from(vec4f: pathfinder_geometry::vector::Vector4F) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: vec4f.x(),
+            y: vec4f.y(),
+            z: vec4f.z(),
+            w: vec4f.w(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<pathfinder_geometry::rect::RectF> for Vector4F {
+    fn from(rectf: pathfinder_geometry::rect::RectF) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            x: rectf.origin_x(),
+            y: rectf.origin_y(),
+            z: rectf.width(),
+            w: rectf.height(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Vertex position in normalized device coordinates (NDC). We don't need to manage padding of
+/// this struct to ensure it is a power of two--WGPU does this for us via the call to
+/// `create_buffer_init`.
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub(super) struct Vertex {
+    pub(super) position: Vector2F,
+}
+
+impl Vertex {
+    const ATTRIBS: [wgpu::VertexAttribute; 1] = wgpu::vertex_attr_array![0 => Float32x2];
+
+    pub(super) fn desc() -> wgpu::VertexBufferLayout<'static> {
+        use std::mem;
+
+        wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+            array_stride: mem::size_of::<Self>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+            step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex,
+            attributes: &Self::ATTRIBS,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub(super) struct Color {
+    /// The start location of the background in the range [0,1].
+    pub(super) start: Vector2F,
+    pub(super) start_color: ColorF,
+    /// The end location of the background in the range [0,1].
+    pub(super) end: Vector2F,
+    pub(super) end_color: ColorF,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub(super) struct BorderWidth {
+    pub(super) top: f32,
+    pub(super) right: f32,
+    pub(super) bottom: f32,
+    pub(super) left: f32,
+}
+
+/// Data for a rect that is stored per instance. We don't need to manage padding of
+/// this struct to ensure it is a power of two--WGPU does this for us via the call to
+/// `create_buffer_init`.
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub(super) struct RectData {
+    bounds: Vector4F,
+    background_color: Color,
+    border_width: Vector4F,
+    border_color: Color,
+    corner_radius: Vector4F,
+    /// The amount of blurring for the shadow, i.e. higher value means more spread out. "Sigma"
+    /// refers to the term in the formula of the Gaussian distribution, which is used in computing
+    /// the shadow's shading.
+    drop_shadow_sigma: f32,
+    /// The shadow usually spans a larger size than its corresponding rect. This value determines
+    /// that additional distance in px along each direction.
+    drop_shadow_padding_factor: f32,
+    dash_length: f32,
+    gap_lengths: Vector2F,
+}
+
+impl RectData {
+    const ATTRIBS: [wgpu::VertexAttribute; 13] = wgpu::vertex_attr_array![
+        // Start at location 1 here because the vertex location occupies location 0.
+        1 => Float32x4,     // Bounds
+        2 => Float32x2,     // Background Start
+        3 => Float32x4,     // Background Start Color
+        4 => Float32x2,     // Background End
+        5 => Float32x4,     // Background End Color
+        6 => Float32x4,     // Border
+        7 => Float32x2,     // Border Start
+        8 => Float32x4,     // Border Start Color
+        9 => Float32x2,     // Border End
+        10 => Float32x4,    // Border End Color
+        11 => Float32x4,    // Corner radius
+        12 => Float32x2,    // Drop Shadow Sigma (Blur Radius) and Padding Factor (Spread Radius)
+        13 => Float32x3,    // Dashed border data: dash length and gap length for x and y dimension
+    ];
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn new(
+        bounds: RectF,
+        background_color: Color,
+        border_color: Color,
+        corner_radius: crate::rendering::CornerRadius,
+        border_width: BorderWidth,
+        drop_shadow_sigma: f32,
+        drop_shadow_padding_factor: f32,
+        dash_length: f32,
+        gap_lengths: pathfinder_geometry::vector::Vector2F,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bounds: bounds.into(),
+            background_color,
+            border_width: vec4f(
+                border_width.top,
+                border_width.right,
+                border_width.bottom,
+                border_width.left,
+            ),
+            border_color,
+            corner_radius: vec4f(
+                corner_radius.top_left,
+                corner_radius.top_right,
+                corner_radius.bottom_left,
+                corner_radius.bottom_right,
+            ),
+            drop_shadow_sigma,
+            drop_shadow_padding_factor,
+            dash_length,
+            gap_lengths: gap_lengths.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn desc() -> wgpu::VertexBufferLayout<'static> {
+        use std::mem;
+
+        wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+            array_stride: mem::size_of::<Self>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+            step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Instance,
+            attributes: &Self::ATTRIBS,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Uniform buffer objects need to be 16-byte aligned in WGSL, so enforce
+// that constraint here.
+//
+// See: https://www.w3.org/TR/WGSL/#address-space-layout-constraints
+#[repr(C, align(16))]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, bytemuck::Zeroable, bytemuck::Pod)]
+pub(super) struct Uniforms {
+    viewport_size: Vector2F,
+    // The shader-side paired struct will automatically be padded as necessary,
+    // so we add any necessary padding bytes here by adjusting the size of this
+    // byte array.
+    _struct_padding_bytes: [u8; 8],
+}
+
+impl Uniforms {
+    pub(super) fn new(size: pathfinder_geometry::vector::Vector2F) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            viewport_size: size.into(),
+            _struct_padding_bytes: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/shaders/glyph_shader.wgsl

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// Brightness-scaled contrast enhancement for glyph alpha masks.
+//
+// Linear sRGB blending makes light-on-dark text appear too thin because AA fringe
+// pixels blend perceptually darker than expected. Dark-on-light text has the opposite
+// problem — it already looks heavier than its geometric coverage.
+//
+// To compensate, we compute the text color's brightness (k) and use it to boost the
+// glyph alpha through enhance_contrast(). Brighter text gets a stronger boost;
+// dark text is left unchanged.
+//
+// enhance_contrast() adapted from DWrite_EnhanceContrast in Windows Terminal's DirectWrite shader:
+// https://github.com/microsoft/terminal/blob/1283c0f5b99a2961673249fa77c6b986efb5086c/src/renderer/atlas/dwrite.hlsl
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
+// Licensed under the MIT license.
+fn glyph_color_brightness(color: vec3<f32>) -> f32 {
+    // REC. 601 luminance coefficients for perceived brightness.
+    return dot(color, vec3<f32>(0.30, 0.59, 0.11));
+}
+
+fn enhance_contrast(alpha: f32, k: f32) -> f32 {
+    return alpha * (k + 1.0) / (alpha * k + 1.0);
+}
+
+struct Uniforms {
+    viewport_size: vec2<f32>,
+    // Padding necessary to ensure that the uniforms is 16 bytes. Some wgpu-supported devices (such as webgl) require
+    // buffer bindings to be a multiple of 16 bytes.
+    padding: vec2<f32>
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> uniforms: Uniforms;
+
+@group(1) @binding(0) var glyphAtlasTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
+@group(1) @binding(1) var glyphAtlasSampler: sampler;
+
+struct GlyphVertexShaderInput {
+    // The position of the vertex in normalized device coordinates.
+    @location(0) vertex_position: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(1) bounds: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(2) uv_bounds: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(3) fade_start: f32,
+    @location(4) fade_end: f32,
+    @location(5) color: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(6) is_emoji: i32,
+}
+
+struct GlyphVertexShaderOutput {
+    @builtin(position) position: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(0) rect_center: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(1) rect_corner: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(2) texture_coordinate: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(3) fade_alpha: f32,
+    @location(4) color: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(5) is_emoji: i32,
+}
+
+@vertex
+fn vs_main(
+    glyph: GlyphVertexShaderInput,
+) -> GlyphVertexShaderOutput {
+    var out: GlyphVertexShaderOutput;
+    var origin: vec2<f32> = glyph.bounds.xy;
+    var size: vec2<f32> = glyph.bounds.zw;
+    var pixel_pos: vec2<f32> = glyph.vertex_position * size + origin;
+
+    // Use floor here to vertically align the glyph to the pixel grid.
+    // If it's not aligned to the grid, the fragment shader will do its
+    // own interpolation, which makes it so we don't use the anti-aliasing
+    // from core text, which is what we want.  We don't force the glyph to a
+    // horizontal pixel position because we rasterize the glyph at multiple
+    // subpixel positions, and so the very slight linear interpolation here
+    // won't produce a fuzzy glyph, just a correctly-positioned one.
+    pixel_pos = vec2(pixel_pos.x, floor(pixel_pos.y));
+
+    // Evaluating the glyphs fade effect. Note that the fade may go in two different directions:
+    // - Right to left (default) - where the opaque side is on the right, and transparent on the left
+    //   (in this case, the start_fade < end_fade; start is where the fade is transparent)
+    // - Left to right - where the opaque side is on the left, and it fades towards the right side.
+    //   In this case, start_fade > end_fade, and the opaque side is on the left (end_fade).
+    // To clarify: fade_start is ALWAYS where the fade is transparent, and fade_end is ALWAYS where
+    // the opaque part is, this is reflected in how we compute width, dist, and alpha.
+    var fade_width: f32 = abs(glyph.fade_end - glyph.fade_start);
+    var fade_dist: f32 = pixel_pos.x - min(glyph.fade_start, glyph.fade_end);
+
+    var fade_alpha: f32;
+    if glyph.fade_end < glyph.fade_start { // left-to-right case
+        fade_alpha = fade_dist / fade_width;
+    } else { // right-to-left case
+        fade_alpha = 1. - fade_dist / fade_width;
+    }
+
+     // Convert the position of the item from screen coordinates into normalized device coordinates
+    var device_pos: vec2<f32> = pixel_pos / uniforms.viewport_size * vec2(2.0, -2.0) + vec2(-1.0, 1.0);
+
+    var texture_coordinate: vec2<f32> = glyph.uv_bounds.xy + glyph.vertex_position * glyph.uv_bounds.zw;
+
+    out.position = vec4<f32>(device_pos, 0.0, 1.0);
+    out.rect_corner = size / 2.0;
+    out.rect_center = origin + out.rect_corner;
+    out.texture_coordinate = texture_coordinate;
+    out.fade_alpha = fade_alpha;
+    out.color = glyph.color;
+    out.is_emoji = glyph.is_emoji;
+    return out;
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn fs_main(in: GlyphVertexShaderOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+    // Sample the texture to obtain a color.
+    var tex_color: vec4<f32> = textureSample(glyphAtlasTexture, glyphAtlasSampler, in.texture_coordinate);
+    // Use the input color for non-emoji, and the sampled color for emoji.
+    var color: vec4<f32> = mix(in.color, tex_color, f32(in.is_emoji));
+
+    // Scale contrast boost by text brightness:
+    // light text (white=1) gets full boost; dark text (black=0) gets none.
+    let k = glyph_color_brightness(color.rgb);
+    let contrasted = enhance_contrast(tex_color.r, k);
+    color.a *= max(contrasted, f32(in.is_emoji));
+
+    // Apply the fade.
+    color.a *= saturate(in.fade_alpha);
+    return color;
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/shaders/image_shader.wgsl

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+struct Uniforms {
+    viewport_size: vec2<f32>,
+    // Padding necessary to ensure that the uniforms is 16 bytes. Some wgpu-supported devices (such as webgl) require
+    // buffer bindings to be a multiple of 16 bytes.
+    padding: vec2<f32>
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> uniforms: Uniforms;
+
+@group(1) @binding(0) var imageTexture: texture_2d<f32>;
+@group(1) @binding(1) var imageSampler: sampler;
+
+struct ImageVertexShaderInput {
+    // The position of the vertex in normalized device coordinates.
+    @location(0) vertex_position: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(1) bounds: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(2) color: vec4<f32>,
+    // This field is treated as a boolean to indicate how to interpret the preceding `color` field.
+    // Icons allow overriding their foreground color, so for icons the whole `color` struct is used.
+    // For images, only the opacity can be set, and so only the alpha channel would be used.
+    @location(3) is_icon: u32,
+    // Corner radius in the order top_left, top_right, bottom_left, bottom_right.
+    @location(4) corner_radius: vec4<f32>,
+}
+
+struct ImageVertexShaderOutput {
+    @builtin(position) position: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(0) rect_center: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(1) rect_corner: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(2) texture_coordinate: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(4) color: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(5) is_icon: u32,
+    @location(6) corner_radius: vec4<f32>,
+}
+
+@vertex
+fn vs_main(
+    image: ImageVertexShaderInput,
+) -> ImageVertexShaderOutput {
+    var out: ImageVertexShaderOutput;
+    var origin: vec2<f32> = image.bounds.xy;
+    var size: vec2<f32> = image.bounds.zw;
+    var pixel_pos: vec2<f32> = image.vertex_position * size + origin;
+
+    // Convert the position of the item from screen coordinates into normalized device coordinates
+    var device_pos: vec2<f32> = pixel_pos / uniforms.viewport_size * vec2(2.0, -2.0) + vec2(-1.0, 1.0);
+    out.position = vec4<f32>(device_pos, 0.0, 1.0);
+
+    // Re-compute size and origin such that they are clipped by the viewport bounds.
+    var clipped_origin = max(origin, vec2f(0.0, 0.0));
+    var clipped_size = max(min(origin + size, uniforms.viewport_size) - clipped_origin, vec2f(0.0, 0.0));
+    out.rect_corner = clipped_size / 2.0;
+    out.rect_center = clipped_origin + out.rect_corner;
+
+    out.texture_coordinate = image.vertex_position;
+    out.color = image.color;
+    out.is_icon = image.is_icon;
+    out.corner_radius = image.corner_radius;
+    return out;
+}
+
+fn distance_from_rect(pixel_pos: vec2<f32>, rect_center: vec2<f32>, rect_corner: vec2<f32>, corner_radius: f32) -> f32 {
+    var p: vec2<f32> = pixel_pos - rect_center;
+    var q: vec2<f32> = abs(p) - rect_corner + corner_radius;
+    return length(max(q, vec2(0.0))) + min(max(q.x, q.y), 0.0) - corner_radius;
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn fs_main(in: ImageVertexShaderOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+    // Sample the texture to obtain a color.
+    var color_sample: vec4<f32> = textureSample(imageTexture, imageSampler, in.texture_coordinate);
+
+    var color: vec4<f32>;
+    if in.is_icon == 0u {
+        // For an image, use the image color and just adjust opacity.
+        color = color_sample;
+        color.a *= in.color.a;
+    } else {
+        // There's a naga bug with wgsl --> hlsl conversion where images are always rendered as red.
+        // We workaround this by first creating an intermediate color where the alpha channel is actually the
+        // red channel from `color_sample` and then multiplying that by the desired opacity.
+        var new_color: vec4<f32> = vec4(color_sample.r, color_sample.g, color_sample.b, color_sample.r);
+        new_color.a *= in.color.a;
+        // For an icon, use the specified input color.
+        color = vec4(in.color.r, in.color.g, in.color.b, new_color.a);
+    }
+
+    var outer_corner_radius: f32;
+
+    if in.position.y >= in.rect_center.y {
+        // Bottom half
+        if in.position.x >= in.rect_center.x {
+            // Bottom right quadrant
+            outer_corner_radius = in.corner_radius.w;
+        } else {
+            // Bottom left quadrant
+            outer_corner_radius = in.corner_radius.z;
+        }
+    } else {
+        // Top half
+        if in.position.x >= in.rect_center.x {
+            // Top right quadrant
+            outer_corner_radius = in.corner_radius.y;
+        } else {
+            // Top left quadrant
+            outer_corner_radius = in.corner_radius.x;
+        }
+    }
+
+    var outer_distance: f32 = distance_from_rect(in.position.xy, in.rect_center, in.rect_corner, outer_corner_radius);
+
+    // If there's a corner radius we need to do some anti aliasing to smooth out the rounded corner effect.
+    if outer_corner_radius > 0. {
+        color.a *= 1.0 - saturate(outer_distance + 0.5);
+    }
+
+    return color;
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/shaders/rect_shader.wgsl

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+struct Uniforms {
+    viewport_size: vec2<f32>,
+    // Padding necessary to ensure that the uniforms is 16 bytes. Some wgpu-supported devices (such as webgl) require
+    // buffer bindings to be a multiple of 16 bytes.
+    padding: vec2<f32>
+}
+
+const EPSILON: f32 = 0.0000001;
+const PI: f32 = 3.141592653589793;
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> uniforms: Uniforms;
+
+struct RectVertexShaderInput {
+    // The position of the vertex in normalized device coordinates.
+    @location(0) vertex_position: vec2<f32>,
+    // Bounds of the item in screen coordinates. Origin is contained in `xy`, size is contained in `zw`.
+    @location(1) bounds: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(2) background_start: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(3) background_start_color: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(4) background_end: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(5) background_end_color: vec4<f32>,
+    // Width of the border in the order top, left, right, bottom.
+    @location(6) border_width: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(7) border_start: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(8) border_start_color: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(9) border_end: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(10) border_end_color: vec4<f32>,
+    // Corner radius in the order top_left, top_right, bottom_left, bottom_right.
+    @location(11) corner_radius: vec4<f32>,
+    // The sigma and padding factor values packed into a single vec2. We pack them together in order
+    // to reduce the total number of attributes, which maxes out at 16. See here:
+    // https://docs.rs/wgpu/latest/wgpu/struct.Limits.html#structfield.max_vertex_attributes
+    @location(12) drop_shadow_data: vec2<f32>,
+    // The length of the dash and the gaps for the x and y dimensions, packed into a single vec3.
+    @location(13) dashed_border_data: vec3<f32>,
+};
+
+struct RectVertexShaderOutput {
+    @builtin(position) position: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(0) background_start: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(1) background_start_color: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(2) background_end: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(3) background_end_color: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(4) border_width: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(5) border_start: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(6) border_start_color: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(7) border_end: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(8) border_end_color: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(9) rect_corner: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(10) rect_center: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(11) corner_radius: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(12) drop_shadow_data: vec2<f32>,
+    @location(13) dashed_border_data: vec3<f32>,
+};
+
+@vertex
+fn vs_main(
+    in: RectVertexShaderInput,
+) -> RectVertexShaderOutput {
+    var out: RectVertexShaderOutput;
+    var origin: vec2<f32> = in.bounds.xy;
+    var size: vec2<f32> = in.bounds.zw;
+    var pixel_pos: vec2<f32> = in.vertex_position * size + origin;
+    // Convert the position of the item from screen coordinates into normalized device coordinates
+    var ndc_position: vec2<f32> = pixel_pos / uniforms.viewport_size * vec2(2.0, -2.0) + vec2(-1.0, 1.0);
+
+    out.position = vec4<f32>(ndc_position, 0.0, 1.0);
+    out.background_start = in.background_start * size + origin;
+    out.background_start_color = in.background_start_color;
+    out.background_end = in.background_end * size + origin;
+    out.background_end_color = in.background_end_color;
+    out.border_start = in.border_start * size + origin;
+    out.border_start_color = in.border_start_color;
+    out.border_end = in.border_end * size + origin;
+    out.border_end_color = in.border_end_color;
+    out.border_width = in.border_width;
+    out.corner_radius = in.corner_radius;
+    out.rect_corner = size / 2.;
+    out.rect_center = origin + out.rect_corner;
+    out.drop_shadow_data = in.drop_shadow_data;
+    out.dashed_border_data = in.dashed_border_data;
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn rect_fs_main(in: RectVertexShaderOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+    var background_color: vec4<f32> = derive_color(
+        in.position.xy,
+        in.background_start,
+        in.background_end,
+        in.background_start_color,
+        in.background_end_color
+    );
+    var border_color: vec4<f32> = derive_color(
+        in.position.xy,
+        in.border_start,
+        in.border_end,
+        in.border_start_color,
+        in.border_end_color
+    );
+
+    // There are actually two different radii at play here - the inner
+    // (background) and outer (shape) radii.  The inner radius is equal to the
+    // outer radius minus the border width, in order for the two curves to
+    // maintain a constant distance from each other.
+    var inner_corner_radius: f32;
+    var outer_corner_radius: f32;
+
+    var border_inner_corner: vec2<f32> = in.rect_corner;
+    if in.position.y >= in.rect_center.y {
+        // Bottom half
+        border_inner_corner.y -= in.border_width.z;
+        if in.position.x >= in.rect_center.x {
+          // Bottom right quadrant
+            border_inner_corner.x -= in.border_width.y;
+            outer_corner_radius = in.corner_radius.w;
+            inner_corner_radius = max(0.0, outer_corner_radius - in.border_width.z);
+        } else {
+          // Bottom left quadrant
+            border_inner_corner.x -= in.border_width.w;
+            outer_corner_radius = in.corner_radius.z;
+            inner_corner_radius = max(0.0, outer_corner_radius - in.border_width.z);
+        }
+    } else {
+        // Top half
+        border_inner_corner.y -= in.border_width.x;
+        if in.position.x >= in.rect_center.x {
+          // Top right quadrant
+            border_inner_corner.x -= in.border_width.y;
+            outer_corner_radius = in.corner_radius.y;
+            inner_corner_radius = max(0.0, outer_corner_radius - in.border_width.x);
+        } else {
+          // Top left quadrant
+            border_inner_corner.x -= in.border_width.w;
+            outer_corner_radius = in.corner_radius.x;
+            inner_corner_radius = max(0.0, outer_corner_radius - in.border_width.x);
+        }
+    }
+
+    var rect_origin: vec2<f32> = in.rect_center - in.rect_corner;
+    var outer_distance: f32 = distance_from_rect(in.position.xy, in.rect_center, in.rect_corner, outer_corner_radius);
+    var inner_distance: f32 = distance_from_rect(in.position.xy, in.rect_center, border_inner_corner, inner_corner_radius);
+
+    var drop_shadow_sigma = in.drop_shadow_data.x;
+    var drop_shadow_padding_factor = in.drop_shadow_data.y;
+    if drop_shadow_sigma > 0.0 {
+        var rect_size: vec2<f32> = in.rect_corner * 2.0;
+        // When we are rendering a drop shadow we need to pass in the positions
+        // of the original rect, so we figure them out from the padding.
+        // Note we subtract twice the padding, because the padding is specified
+        // in terms of padding on a single side.
+        var shadowed_rect_origin: vec2<f32> = rect_origin + drop_shadow_padding_factor;
+        var shadowed_rect_size: vec2<f32> = rect_size - 2.0 * drop_shadow_padding_factor;
+        background_color.a *= rounded_box_shadow(
+            shadowed_rect_origin,
+            shadowed_rect_origin + shadowed_rect_size,
+            in.position.xy,
+            drop_shadow_sigma,
+            outer_corner_radius
+        );
+    } else {
+        // Adjust the opacity of the border color based on where the pixel lies
+        // between the background and the border_width.
+        border_color.a *= saturate(inner_distance + 0.5);
+
+        // Force the alpha value to 0 (fully transparent) if the pixel is
+        // outside the border_width.
+        //
+        // When we are outside the border, outer_distance is a larger positive
+        // value than inner_distance.  When we are inside the border itself,
+        // outer_distance is negative and inner_distance is positive.  When we
+        // are inside the inner border edge, outer_distance is more negative
+        // than inner_distance.
+        border_color.a *= f32(inner_distance > outer_distance);
+
+        var rect_bottom_right = in.rect_center + in.rect_corner;
+        var pos_from_origin = in.position.xy - rect_origin;
+
+        // Masks for pixels outside of inner rectangle or on border
+        var is_horizontal_border = (in.position.y <= rect_origin.y + in.border_width.x) || (in.position.y >= rect_bottom_right.y - in.border_width.z);
+        var is_vertical_border = (in.position.x <= rect_origin.x + in.border_width.w) || (in.position.x >= rect_bottom_right.x - in.border_width.y);
+
+        var dash_length = in.dashed_border_data.x;
+        var gap_lengths = in.dashed_border_data.yz;
+
+        // Get length along the dash and gap segment and determine if pixel is in dash or gap
+        var length_on_dash_and_gap_segment_x = pos_from_origin.x % (dash_length + gap_lengths.x);
+        var length_on_dash_and_gap_segment_y = pos_from_origin.y % (dash_length + gap_lengths.y);
+        var is_horizontal_dash = is_horizontal_border && (length_on_dash_and_gap_segment_x < dash_length);
+        var is_vertical_dash = is_vertical_border && (length_on_dash_and_gap_segment_y < dash_length);
+
+        // Mask out any gaps in the border
+        border_color.a *= f32(dash_length <= 0.0 || is_horizontal_dash || is_vertical_dash);
+
+        // Perform proper alpha blending on the two colors, avoiding a
+        // divide-by-zero if both colors are fully transparent.
+        //
+        // See formula for "over" compositing here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_compositing#Alpha_blending
+        var alpha: f32 = border_color.a + background_color.a * (1.0 - border_color.a);
+        var new_background_color: vec3<f32> = (border_color.rgb * border_color.a + background_color.rgb * background_color.a * (1.0 - border_color.a)) / (alpha + EPSILON);
+        background_color = vec4(new_background_color, alpha);
+    }
+
+    // If there's a corner radius we need to do some anti aliasing to smooth out the rounded corner effect.
+    if outer_corner_radius > 0. {
+        background_color.a *= 1.0 - saturate(outer_distance + 0.5);
+    }
+
+    return background_color;
+}
+
+fn derive_color(
+    position: vec2<f32>,
+    start: vec2<f32>,
+    end: vec2<f32>,
+    start_color: vec4<f32>,
+    end_color: vec4<f32>
+) -> vec4<f32> {
+    var adjusted_end: vec2<f32> = end - start;
+    var h: f32 = dot(position - start, adjusted_end) / dot(adjusted_end, adjusted_end);
+    return mix(start_color, end_color, h);
+}
+
+// Based on the fragement position and the center of the quad, select one of the 4 radi.
+// Order matches CSS border radius attribute:
+// radi.x = top-left, radi.y = top-right, radi.z = bottom-right, radi.w = bottom-left
+fn select_border_radius(radi: vec4<f32>, position: vec2<f32>, center: vec2<f32>) -> f32 {
+    var rx = radi.x;
+    var ry = radi.y;
+    rx = select(radi.x, radi.y, position.x > center.x);
+    ry = select(radi.w, radi.z, position.x > center.x);
+    rx = select(rx, ry, position.y > center.y);
+    return rx;
+}
+
+fn distance_from_rect(pixel_pos: vec2<f32>, rect_center: vec2<f32>, rect_corner: vec2<f32>, corner_radius: f32) -> f32 {
+    var p: vec2<f32> = pixel_pos - rect_center;
+    var q: vec2<f32> = abs(p) - rect_corner + corner_radius;
+    return length(max(q, vec2(0.0))) + min(max(q.x, q.y), 0.0) - corner_radius;
+}
+
+// Drop shadow code *heavily* inspired by this post:
+// http://madebyevan.com/shaders/fast-rounded-rectangle-shadows/
+
+// Return the mask for the shadow of a box from lower to upper
+fn rounded_box_shadow(lower: vec2<f32>, upper: vec2<f32>, in_point: vec2<f32>, sigma: f32, corner: f32) -> f32 {
+    // Center everything to make the math easier
+    var center: vec2<f32> = (lower + upper) * 0.5;
+    var half_size: vec2<f32> = (upper - lower) * 0.5;
+    var point = in_point - center;
+
+    // The signal is only non-zero in a limited range, so don't waste samples
+    var low: f32 = point.y - half_size.y;
+    var high: f32 = point.y + half_size.y;
+    var start: f32 = clamp(-3.0 * sigma, low, high);
+    var end: f32 = clamp(3.0 * sigma, low, high);
+
+    // Accumulate samples (we can get away with surprisingly few samples)
+    var step: f32 = (end - start) / 4.0;
+    var y: f32 = start + step * 0.5;
+    var value: f32 = 0.0;
+    for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        value += rounded_box_shadow_x(point.x, point.y - y, sigma, corner, half_size) * gaussian(y, sigma) * step;
+        y += step;
+    }
+
+    return value;
+}
+
+// Return the blurred mask along the x dimension
+fn rounded_box_shadow_x(x: f32, y: f32, sigma: f32, corner: f32, half_size: vec2<f32>) -> f32 {
+    var delta: f32 = min(half_size.y - corner - abs(y), 0.0);
+    var curved: f32 = half_size.x - corner + sqrt(max(0.0, corner * corner - delta * delta));
+    var integral: vec2<f32> = 0.5 + 0.5 * erf((x + vec2(-curved, curved)) * (sqrt(0.5) / sigma));
+    return integral.y - integral.x;
+}
+
+// This approximates the error function, needed for the gaussian integral
+fn erf(x: vec2<f32>) -> vec2<f32> {
+    var s = sign(x);
+    var a = abs(x);
+    var denom = 1.0 + (0.278393 + (0.230389 + 0.078108 * (a * a)) * a) * a;
+    denom *= denom;
+    return s - s / (denom * denom);
+}
+
+// A standard gaussian function, used for weighting samples
+fn gaussian(x: f32, sigma: f32) -> f32 {
+    return exp(-(x * x) / (2.0 * sigma * sigma)) / (sqrt(2.0 * PI) * sigma);
+}

crates/warpui/src/rendering/wgpu/texture_with_bind_group.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+use crate::fonts::RasterizedGlyph;
+
+use crate::rendering::atlas::AllocatedRegion;
+use wgpu::{
+    BindGroup, BindGroupDescriptor, BindGroupLayout, Extent3d, Queue, Sampler,
+    TexelCopyBufferLayout, Texture, TextureDescriptor, TextureFormat, TextureUsages,
+};
+
+/// Helper struct that includes a [`Texture`] and its corresponding [`BindGroup`] for use in the
+/// `GlyphCache`.
+pub(super) struct TextureWithBindGroup {
+    texture: Texture,
+    /// The [`BindGroup`] associated with the `texture`. We compute this whenever we need to create
+    /// a new texture as a performance optimization to ensure we don't create it on every render.
+    bind_group: BindGroup,
+}
+
+impl TextureWithBindGroup {
+    pub(super) fn new(
+        size: usize,
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        bind_group_layout: &BindGroupLayout,
+        sampler: &Sampler,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let texture = device.create_texture(&TextureDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Glyph atlas texture"),
+            size: Extent3d {
+                width: size as u32,
+                height: size as u32,
+                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+            },
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+            format: TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
+            usage: TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+            view_formats: &[],
+        });
+
+        let view = texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+        let bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&BindGroupDescriptor {
+            layout: bind_group_layout,
+            entries: &[
+                wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                    binding: 0,
+                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&view),
+                },
+                wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                    binding: 1,
+                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Sampler(sampler),
+                },
+            ],
+            label: None,
+        });
+
+        Self {
+            texture,
+            bind_group,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn insert_glyph_into_texture(
+        &mut self,
+        region: AllocatedRegion,
+        glyph: &RasterizedGlyph,
+        queue: &Queue,
+    ) {
+        let bytes_per_row: u32 = 4 * (glyph.canvas.size.x() as u32);
+        queue.write_texture(
+            wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo {
+                texture: &self.texture,
+                mip_level: 0,
+                origin: wgpu::Origin3d {
+                    x: region.pixel_region.origin_x() as u32,
+                    y: region.pixel_region.origin_y() as u32,
+                    z: 0,
+                },
+                aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+            },
+            glyph.canvas.pixels.as_slice(),
+            TexelCopyBufferLayout {
+                offset: 0,
+                bytes_per_row: Some(bytes_per_row),
+                rows_per_image: None,
+            },
+            Extent3d {
+                width: region.pixel_region.width() as u32,
+                height: region.pixel_region.height() as u32,
+                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn bind_group(&self) -> &BindGroup {
+        &self.bind_group
+    }
+}